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. 2020 Feb 19;35(5):411–429. doi: 10.1007/s10654-020-00607-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Relative risks (RRs) for the associations between protein intake (highest versus lowest categories) with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Solid dots denote individual HRs, horizontal lines demote individual 95% CIs, open diamonds correspond to the pooled RRs including the 95% CIs, P values denote P_{heterogeneity} values, I–V Subtotal denotes fixed-effects analysis, and D + L Subtotal denotes random-effects analysis. CVD mortality cardiovascular mortality, RR relative risk, CI confidential interval. a, 59,841 all-cause deaths among 247,863 participants for total protein and all-cause mortality, 14,704 CVD deaths among 245,222 participants for total protein and CVD mortality, 21,591 cancer deaths among 25,499 participants for total protein and cancer mortality, 15,394 other deaths and 139,128 participants for total protein and other mortality. b 57,288 all-cause deaths among 241,482 participants for animal protein and all-cause mortality, 13,552 CVD deaths among 242,572 participants for animal protein and CVD mortality, 15,898 cancer deaths among 248,618 participants for animal protein and cancer mortality, 15,394 other deaths and 139,128 participants for animal protein and other mortality. c 57,288 all-cause deaths among 241,482 participants for plant protein and all-cause mortality, 13,906 CVD deaths among 250,316 participants for plant protein and CVD mortality, 28,953 cancer deaths among 248,618 participants for plant protein and cancer mortality, 15,394 other deaths and 139,128 participants for plant protein and other mortality

Fig. 1 — Relative risks (RRs) for the associations between protein intake (highest versus lowest categories) with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Solid dots denote individual HRs, horizontal lines demote individual 95% CIs, open diamonds correspond to the pooled RRs including the 95% CIs, P values denote P_{heterogeneity} values, I–V Subtotal denotes fixed-effects analysis, and D + L Subtotal denotes random-effects analysis. CVD mortality cardiovascular mortality, RR relative risk, CI confidential interval. a, 59,841 all-cause deaths among 247,863 participants for total protein and all-cause mortality, 14,704 CVD deaths among 245,222 participants for total protein and CVD mortality, 21,591 cancer deaths among 25,499 participants for total protein and cancer mortality, 15,394 other deaths and 139,128 participants for total protein and other mortality. b 57,288 all-cause deaths among 241,482 participants for animal protein and all-cause mortality, 13,552 CVD deaths among 242,572 participants for animal protein and CVD mortality, 15,898 cancer deaths among 248,618 participants for animal protein and cancer mortality, 15,394 other deaths and 139,128 participants for animal protein and other mortality. c 57,288 all-cause deaths among 241,482 participants for plant protein and all-cause mortality, 13,906 CVD deaths among 250,316 participants for plant protein and CVD mortality, 28,953 cancer deaths among 248,618 participants for plant protein and cancer mortality, 15,394 other deaths and 139,128 participants for plant protein and other mortality