Table 1.
Summary of automated risk calculators assessed in the spine literature
| Calculator | Link | Procedure | Main outcome | Evaluation metrics | Author comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Assessment Tool (RAT) [17] | https://apps.apple.com/us/app/risk-assessment-tool-for-spine-surgery-procedures/id1087663216 | Spine surgery (unspecified) | 30 day post-operative complications | AUC: 0.70 |
Database does not contain Medicare-aged patients Lower prediction error compared with NSQIP-SRC |
| NSQIP-SRC [22, 23] | http://riskcalculator.facs.org/RiskCalculator/ | 1-level lumbar fusion | 30 day post-operative complications | AUC: 0.61 |
Developed with wide variety of patients Only accepts 1 CPT code Inaccurate predictor of complications |
| VTE | AUC: 0.66 | ||||
| SpineSage [15] | http://depts.washington.edu/spinersk/ | Spine surgery (unspecified) |
30 day medical complications 30 day major medical complications |
AUC: 0.76 AUC: 0.81 |
Accurate predictor of complications Advantages: specific patient comorbidities and surgical variables Disadvantages: developed with small cohort (1476 patients) |
| Global Spine Tumour Study Group (GSTSG) Risk Calculator [16] | https://spinemet.com/ | Spine surgery for symptomatic spinal metastasis | Death at 2 years after surgery | AUC: 0.68 | Developed from a single cohort at one center |