Table 1.

Published studies on the use of hamstring autograft for the treatment of lateral ankle instability

Author, year	Study, level of evidence	Type of graft	No. of ankles (patients)	Average follow-up (range), months	Survivorship	Results
Coughlin et al. (2004)	Case series, IV	Gracilis tendon autograft	29 (28)	23 (12–52)	100%	86% (24 patients) excellent result, 14% (4 patients) good result AOFAS AHS Preop 57 Postop 98 (p < .01)
Takao, et al. (2005)	Case series, IV	Gracilis tendon autograft	17 (17) ATLF reconstruction, 4 (4) ATFL+CFL reconstruction	24	100%	AOFAS AHS Preop 69.4 ± 4.0 Postop 97.0 ± 2.6 points (p < .01)
Ibrahim et al. (2010)	Case series, IV	Gracilis tendon autograft	14 (14)	33.5 (32–48)	100%	AOFAS AHS Preop 58 Postop 96 (p < .01) 69% (10 patients) excellent result, 31% (4 patients) good result
Xu et al. (2014)	Comparative case series, III	Semitendinosus autograft versus semitendinosus allograft	32 (32) autograft, 36 (36) allograft	Autograft 33.5 ± 6.7 Allograft 28.5 ± 6.7	100% (both groups)	AOFAS AHS Autograft Preop 62.3 ± 8.2 Postop 95.1 ± 7.5 (p < .01) Allograft Preop 60.2 ± 8.4 Postop 94.8 ± 5.5 (p < .01)
Li et al. (2017)	Comparative case series, III	Semitendinosus autograft versus semitendinosus allograft	10 (10) autograft, 16 (16) allograft	Autograft 37.7 ± 20.8 Allograft 55.9 ± 35.5	100% (both groups)	AOFAS AHS Autograft Preop 68.4 ± 10.0 Postop 94.7 ± 5.0 (p < .01) Allograft Preop 69.9 ± 13.3 Postop 94.8 ± 5.4 (p < .01) Postoperative T2 MRI demonstrated more signal in allograft compared with autograft (p = .027)
Song et al. (2017)	Comparative case series, III	Broström group Semitendinosus autograft	16 (16) Broström 12 (12) autograft	Broström 16.31 ± 4.16 Autograft 19.33 ± 5.14	100% (both groups)	AOFAS AHS Broström Preop 59.31 ± 7.15 6 months 86.19 ± 4.119 12 months 93.00 ± 3.950 Autograft Preop 61.25 ± 5.39 6 months 93.25 ± 7.338 12 months 94.42 ± 5.316 AOFAS score significantly different between groups at 6-month time point only