Table 4.

Biological activities of compounds isolated from P. edulis ("↓", reduce; "↑", increase).

Bioactivity	Compound	Experiment	Biological results		References
			Positive control	Compound
Anti-inflammatory effect	α-Tocopherylquinone	RAW 264.7 cells		IC50 = 34.92 μM, NO production↓	Hu et al., 2018
	Luteolin-8-C-β-digitoxopyranoside	RAW 264.7 cells		IC50 = 16.12 μM, NO production↓	Hu et al., 2018
	Luteolin-8-C-β-boivinopyranoside	RAW 264.7 cells		IC50 = 26.67 μM, NO production ↓	Hu et al., 2018
	Isoorientin	Swiss mice	Indomethacin (5 mg/kg), dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg)	25 mg/kg ip., leukocytes, neutrophils, mononuclears↓, MPO activity↓	Zucolotto et al., 2009
	Vicenin-2	Swiss mice	Indomethacin (5 mg/kg), dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg)	25 mg/kg ip., leukocytes, neutrophils, mononuclears↓, MPO activity↓	Zucolotto et al., 2009
	Spinosin	Swiss mice	Indomethacin (5 mg/kg), dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg)	25 mg/kg ip., leukocytes, neutrophils, mononuclears↓, MPO activity↓	Zucolotto et al., 2009
	Orientin	DMH induced colorectal cancer in rats		10 mg/kg ip., TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2 expression ↓	Thangaraj and Vaiyapuri, 2017
Neuroprotective effects	1α,3β-dihydroxy-16-keto-24(31)-en-cycloartane	PC12 cells		0.05-0.42 μM against the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity	Xu et al., 2016
	31-Methoxyl-passifloic acid	PC12 cells		0.06-0.23 μM against the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity	Xu et al., 2016
	Cyclopassifloside II	PC12 cells		0.08-0.35 μM against the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity	Xu et al., 2016
	Cyclopassifloside VIII	PC12 cells		0.06-0.46 μM against the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity	Xu et al., 2016
	Cyclopassifloside XIV	PC12 cells		0.08-0.32 μM against the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity	Xu et al., 2016
	Luteolin	PC12 cells		50.0 μM, NGF-induced neurite outgrowth ↑	Xu et al., 2013
	Piceatannol	mouse embryonic stem cells		2.5 µM, astrocyte differentiation↑	Arai et al., 2016
Anxiolytic-like effect	Isoorientin	Swiss albino mice	Diazepam (2 mg/kg Ig.)	40 and 80 mg/kg, time spent in open arms of the elevated plus-maze ↑	Deng et al., 2010
	Luteolin-7-O-[2-rhamnosylglucoside]	Swiss mice	Diazepam (1 mg/kg Ig.)	30 mg/kg, time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test ↑	Coleta et al., 2006
Antidepressant-like effect	Cyclopassiflosides IX	ICR mice	Clomipramine (50 mg/kg)	50 mg/kg Ig., immobility time in forced swim and tail suspension test reduced by 22.72% and 39.26%	Wang et al., 2013
	Cyclopassiflosides XI	ICR mice	Clomipramine (50 mg/kg)	50 mg/kg Ig., immobility time in forced swim and tail suspension test reduced by 19.16% and 43.12%	Wang et al., 2013
Sedative-like activity	Isoorientin	Swiss albino mice	Diazepam (2 mg/kg Ig.)	40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg, number of spontaneous activities↓	Deng et al., 2010
Vasorelaxation effect	Piceatannol	Isolated rat thoracic aorta		30 μM, eNOS expression↑	Sano et al., 2011; Kinoshita et al., 2013
	Piceatannol	Human EA. hy926 endothelial cells		20 μM, 48 h, eNOS expression↑	Kinoshita et al., 2013
	Scirpusin B	Isolated rat thoracic aorta		30 μM, endothelium-derived NO↑	Sano et al., 2011
Melanin inhibition and collagen synthesis promotion	Piceatannol	Dermal Cells (SF-TY cells)		4.5 μM, melanin synthesis↓; 5 μM increased collagen synthesis↑	Matsui et al., 2010
	Isoorientin	B16 melanoma cells		100 μM, melanin content (47.2% reduction) ↓	Zhang et al., 2013
	Chrysin 6-C-β-rutinoside	B16 melanoma cells		100 μM, melanin content (47.2% reduction) ↓, MITF, tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 proteins levels ↓	Zhang et al., 2013
	(6S,9R)-roseoside	B16 melanoma cells		100 μM, melanin content (37.3% reduction) ↓	Zhang et al., 2013
Antidiabetic activity	Piceatannol	db/db mice		50 mg/kg, blood glucose levels↓	Uchida-Maruki et al., 2015
	Piceatannol	Humans		20 mg/day for 56 days, the insulin sensitivity, BP and HR improvement	Kitada et al., 2017
Antioxidant activity	Scirpusin B	DPPH	Trolox	5-40 μM, DPPH radical scavenging activities	Sano et al., 2011
	Piceatannol	DPPH	Trolox	5-40 μM, DPPH radical scavenging activities	Sano et al., 2011
	Piceatannol	BALB/cByJ Jcl mice		10 mg/kg Ig., 14 days, number of astrocytes↑	Arai et al., 2016