Genetically engineered distal airway stem cell transplantation protects mice from pulmonary infection. (A) Heatmap showing transcriptome profile correlation values of indicated lung tissue samples before and after PAO1 infection. (B) Protein-protein interaction network of selected genes with high expression level in PAO1-infected wild-type lung (blue) and PAO1-infected LL-37+/+ lung (red), respectively. (C) Representative 3D organoid culture of mDASCs with expression of type I alveolar cell markers (Aqp5 and Pdpn). Left panels, bright-field imaging of 3D organoids. Right panels, immunofluorescence of organoid sections. Scale bar, 20 μm. (D) Co-culture of bacteria with DASCs shows antimicrobial effects in dose-dependent manner. Initial additions of PAO1 were 0.1 ×, 0.5 × and 1 × 104 CFU, respectively. Co-culture duration, 6 h. n = 4. Error bars, SEM. MOI, multiplicity of infection. (E) Co-culture of bacteria with DASCs shows antimicrobial effects in time-dependent manner. Initial concentration of PAO1 was 1 × 104 CFU. MOI = 1. n = 3. Error bars, SEM. (F,G) Preincubation of cells with anti-LL-37 antibody, but not IgG control, significantly reduced anti-PAO1 (F) and anti-Escherichia coli (G) effects of LL-37-mDASCs. Initial dose of bacteria was 103 CFU. Co-culture duration, 18 h. n = 4 in (F) and n = 3 in (G). Error bars, SEM. Statistics for graphs: two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's test (D,E) and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (F,G). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001. These results were from Zhou et al. (2019), published under the terms of the CC by 4.0 license. Full terms at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. This figure combined Figures 2, 3 from the original article with permission from the corresponding author.