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. 2020 May 26;10:8727. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65425-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Feeding visits and durations in all experiments. Numbers in boxes represent the mean value on each larval development day (LDD; colour-coded) for feeding visits (a–b) and feeding duration (f–j). Bold italic numbers in boxes represent statistical differences to the control on this LDD (Bonferroni-Holm type I error-corrected adjusted p of Student’s t-test after significant one-way ANOVA; number of tests used for p-value adjustment = 3). The upper ends of the coloured boxes show the mean cumulative value on the y-axis, equivalent to the sum of all numbers below. If dotted, significant statistical differences (same test) of cumulative values to the control were present. Graphs (e,j) show the mean of (a–d and f–i), respectively. Treatments were in most cases below the controls daily and cumulative and value, but levelled throughout LDD 6 (red boxes). The upper ends of LDD 6 represent the total value until cell capping. Feeding duration was strongly correlated to the number of feeding visits. Parameter means of all experiments (Mean) were not significant due to the results of July 2016. Abbreviations: CLO = clothianidin; THI = thiacloprid; ppb = parts per billion; SEM = standard error of mean. Samples sizes (n) are number of analysed cells in the experiments (a,f: May 2016, b,g: May 2018, c,h: June 2016, d,i: July 2016) and the number of colonies (e,j: Mean).