Table 1.

Implications of ER oxidoreductases and/or ER stress in lung fibrosis or extracellular matrix biology.

ER oxidoreductase	Putative function	Model	References
PDIA3	Fas-SS formation, Epithelial cell apoptosis AEC2- AEC1 differentiation, regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Epithelial cells, Mouse models, IPF Primary lung epithelial cells	[87] [93]
PDI	Disulfide bond formation in LOXL2, collagen 1a1, transglutaminase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, Non-catalytic component of prolyl-4 hydroxylase Integrin mediated adhesion	Cell lines, mouse models Human renal fibrosis Rat liver, chick embryos, C. Elegans Platelets	[75,[95], [96], [97]] [100,101] [98]
ERO1α, ERO1β PRDX4	Prolyl-4 hydroxylation of collagen	Triple knock out mice Mouse embryonic fibroblasts	[111]
PRDX4	Protection of NASH and diabetes	Mouse model	[117]
TXNDC5	Stabilization of ECM proteins, Augmentation of cardiac fibrosis	Cardiac fibroblasts, mice	[112]
QSOX1	Laminin incorporation in the ECM	mice, fibroblasts	[113]
GPX7	Regulation for longevity, protection from senescence	Mouse models Fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells C.Elegans	[116]
Fibronectin	Intrinsic PDI activity	In vitro	[99]
VKOR	Promotes cisplatin-induced hepatic fibrosis	rats	[114]