Skip to main content
. 2020 May 27;28(11):1200–1204. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.018

TABLE 1.

Hierarchical Linear Regression Predicting Psychiatric Symptoms

GAD-7
 PHQ-9
 PDI
B (SE) β t B (SE) β t B (SE) β t
Step 1 ΔR2 = 0.07, F(4,255) = 4.62b ΔR2 = 0.07, F(4,255) = 4.73b ΔR2 = 0.07, F(4,255) = 4.77b
Age −0.03 (.03) −0.06 −0.95 −0.04 (0.04) −0.06 −0.98 −0.11 (0.06) −0.12 −1.93
Gender (woman) 1.18 (0.53) 0.14a 2.25 1.35 (0.56) 0.15a 2.42 1.60 (0.90) 0.11 1.78
Education −1.03 (0.27) −0.23c −3.81 −1.07 (0.28) −0.23c −3.74 −1.70 (0.46) −0.23c −3.68
Marital status (married) 0.42 (0.54) 0.05 0.77 0.23 (0.57) 0.03 0.40 −0.13 (0.93) −0.01 −0.14
Step 2 ΔR2 = 0.01, F(4,251) = 0.80 ΔR2 = 0.03, F(4,251) = 1.99 ΔR2 = 0.05, F(4,251) = 3.33a
Subjective health −0.30 (0.30) −0.07 −1.02 −0.67 (0.31) −0.15a −2.13 −1.39 (0.50) −0.20b −2.77
Chronic conditions related to COVID-19 complications −0.43 (0.56) −0.05 0.76 −0.79 (0.58) −0.10 −1.35 −1.71 (0.94) −0.13 −1.83
COVID-19 pandemic related events 0.11 (0.22) 0.03 0.46 0.11 (0.24) 0.03 0.46 −0.19 (0.38) −0.03 −0.50
Behavioral change due to COVID-19 pandemic 0.12 (0.10) 0.08 1.27 0.17 (0.10) 0.10 1.63 0.35 (0.17) 0.13a 2.11
Step 3 ΔR2 = 0.08, F(1,250) = 23.31c ΔR2 = 0.07, F(1,250) = 22.05c ΔR2 = 0.10, F(1,250) = 32.10c
Loneliness 1.25 (0.26) 0.29c 4.82 1.28 (0.27) 0.28c 4.70 2.43 (0.43) 0.33c 5.66
Step 4 ΔR2 = 0.04, F(1,249) = 12.30b ΔR2 = 0.01, F(1,249) = 3.88a ΔR2 = 0.02, F(1,249) = 7.33b
Subjective age 1.64 (0.47) 0.22b 3.51 0.99 (0.50) 0.13a 1.97 2.11 (0.78) 0.17b 2.71
Step 5 ΔR2 = 0.03, F(1,248) = 9.96c ΔR2 = 0.04, F(1,248) = 13.17c ΔR2 = 0.04, F(1,248) = 15.21c
Loneliness X subjective age 1.14 (0.36) 0.20b 3.15 1.40 (0.38) 0.23c 3.63 2.34 (0.60) 0.24c 3.90
Full model R2 = 0.23, F(11,248) = 6.67c R2 = 0.22, F(11,248) = 6.53c R2 = 0.28, F(11,248) = 8.91c

Notes: N = 260. All continuous variables were mean-centered before analyses. In each subsequent step, only the new variables are shown (and not those from previous steps). df for t test values are identical to the denominator df noted in each step (df2). We have corrected for our multiple tests using the Benjamini and Hochberg's false discovery rate method.12 All three interactions remained significant (interaction p value for GAD-7, PHQ-9, and PDI was 0.001, 0.0004, and 0.0003, respectively). GAD-7 = anxiety symptoms; PHQ-9 = depressive symptoms; PDI, peritraumatic symptoms.

a

p ≤0.05.

b

p ≤0.01.

c

p ≤0.001.