Table 2.

Findings and Quality Assessment of Studies Reporting Original Quantitative Data

Source	Methodology and population	Main findings	Quality assessment5
Bo et al.7	Cross-sectional survey of 714 Chinese COVID-19 survivors before discharge from a quarantine facility	•Posttraumatic stress in 96.2% of patients	Weak
Cao et al.8	Cross-sectional survey of 7143 Changzhai medical students in China	•Mild anxiety in 21.3% and moderate to severe anxiety in 3.8% of respondents	Weak
Castro and Perlis9	Electronic medical records review of 2,689,116 patient encounters in Massachusetts, United States	•Depression and anxiety documentation decreased by 75–81% in outpatient settings and 44–45% in emergency settings with the increase in COVID-19 documentation	Strong
Chung and Yeung10	Cross-sectional survey of 69 full-time staff in Hong Kong, China	•Mean Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ)-9 of 7.6 in respondents •Mild depression (PHQ-9 > 10) in 35% •Moderate depression (PHQ-9 > 15) in 15%	Weak
American Psychiatric Association11	Cross-sectional survey of 1004 residents in the United States	•Anxiety around getting or dying from the virus in 40% of respondents •Poor sleep in 19% •Increased alcohol consumption in 8% •Increased conflict with loved ones in 12%	Weak
Lai et al.12	Cross-sectional survey of 1257 health care workers in Hubei, in Wuhan, outside of Wuhan, China	•Depression symptoms in 50% of respondents •Anxiety symptoms in 45% •Insomnia in 34% •Distress in 72% •Highest prevalence in nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan	Weak
Liu et al.13	Cross-sectional survey of 285 residents and visitors in Wuhan, China	•Posttraumatic stress symptoms in 7% of respondents •Prevalence greater in females than males and in Wuhan residents/visitors than among residents in surrounding cities	Weak
Lu et al.14	Cross-sectional survey of medical and administrative staff in Fujian, China	•Moderate to severe fear in 71% vs 58%; •Mild to moderate anxiety in 23% and severe anxiety in 2.9% vs 17% and 3%, resp.; and •Mild to moderate depression in 12% and severe depression in 0.3% vs 8% and 0.0%, resp. in medical staff vs administrative staff	Weak
Qiu et al.15	Cross-sectional survey of 52,730 residents in China	•Mild psychological distress in 35% and severe distress in 5% of respondents	Weak
Wang et al.16	Cross-sectional survey of 1210 members of the general public in China	•Moderate or severe psychological impact in 54% of respondents •Moderate to severe depressive symptoms in 17% •Moderate to severe anxiety symptoms in 29% •Moderate to severe stress levels in 8%	Weak
Zhang et al.17	Cross-sectional survey of 2182 medical and nonmedical workers in Wuhan, China	•Insomnia (38% vs 31%), •anxiety (13 vs 9%), •depression (12 vs 10%), •somatization (2 vs 0.4%), and •obsessive-compulsive symptoms (5 vs 2%) in medical vs nonmedical staff	Weak
Zhu et al.18	Cross-sectional survey of 5062 health care workers in Wuhan, China	•Stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in 30%, 14%, and 24% of respondents, respectively. Prevalence highest in females and those who have worked for more than 10 years	Weak