Table 1. Characteristics of Pregnant Women With Opioid Use Disorder by Race/Ethnicitya.
| Characteristic | No. (%) (N = 5247) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White non-Hispanic (n = 4551) | Black non-Hispanic (n = 234) | Hispanic (n = 462) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | ||||
| ≤25 | 1283 (28.2) | 71 (3.3) | 136 (29.4) | .02 |
| 26-34 | 2682 (58.9) | 123 (52.6) | 247 (52.6) | |
| ≥35 | 586 (12.9) | 40 (17.1) | 79 (17.1) | |
| Educational level | ||||
| High school or less | 2385 (52.4) | 127 (54.3) | 300 (64.9) | <.001 |
| Some college or more | 2166 (47.6) | 107 (45.7) | 162 (35.1) | |
| Enrollment in Medicaid (MassHealth) during the month of delivery | 4065 (89.3) | 215 (91.9) | 426 (92.2) | .08 |
| Married | 800 (17.6) | 36 (15.4) | 78 (16.9) | .66 |
| Rural vs urban residence at time of delivery | 512 (11.3) | NAb | 19 (4.1) | <.001 |
| Psychosocial characteristics and health care use during pregnancy | ||||
| Anxiety diagnosis | 1135 (24.9) | 47 (2.1) | 105 (22.7) | .16 |
| Depression diagnosis | 1270 (27.9) | 63 (26.9) | 149 (32.3) | .13 |
| Any opioid prescription in last 3MD (excluding buprenorphine) | 172 (3.8) | NAb | NAb | .01 |
| Incarcerated in prison or jailc | 773 (17.0) | 41 (17.5) | 62 (13.4) | .14 |
| Homelessc | 1067 (23.5) | 70 (29.9) | 118 (25.5) | .05 |
| ≥3 ED visits | 798 (17.5) | 58 (24.8) | 86 (18.6) | .02 |
| Adequacy of prenatal care | ||||
| Less than adequate | 1884 (41.4) | 103 (44.0) | 215 (46.5) | .16 |
| Adequate | 1257 (27.6) | 65 (27.8) | 107 (23.2) | |
| Intensive | 1410 (31.0) | 66 (28.2) | 140 (30.3) | |
| Opioid-related variables during pregnancy | ||||
| Enrolled in public addiction treatment program for opioid misuse | 1268 (27.9) | 53 (22.7) | 97 (21.0) | .002 |
| OUD diagnosis | 3055 (67.1) | 104 (44.4) | 248 (53.7) | <.001 |
| Overdose event | 87 (1.9) | NAb | NAb | .48 |
| Medication for OUD | ||||
| Buprenorphine | 1617 (35.5) | NAb | 96 (20.8) | <.001 |
| Methadone | 1265 (27.8) | 59 (25.2) | 110 (23.8) | |
| Both | 253 (5.6) | NAb | 22 (4.8) | |
| None | 1416 (31.1) | 126 (53.9) | 234 (50.7) | |
| NAS diagnosis | 2465 (54.2) | 136 (58.1) | 288 (62.3) | .002 |
Abbreviations: 3MD, 3 months before delivery; ED, emergency department; NA, not available; NAS, neonatal abstinence syndrome; OUD, opioid use disorder.
a
Among pregnant women who delivered a live infant between October 1, 2011, and December 21, 2015, in Massachusetts.
b
Values of fewer than 11 deliveries were not included in accordance with privacy rules.
c
At any time from October 1, 2011, to December 31, 2015.