Table 1.
Sample demographics and hearing history.
| Descriptive characteristic | CI sample (n = 53) |
NH sample (n = 60) |
t | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD) | Range | M (SD) | Range | ||
| Chronological age a | 15.3 (4.8) | 9.1–26.7 | 15.5 (4.6) | 9.1–25.3 | −0.2 (ns) |
| Age at implantation b | 36.0 (20.2) | 9.9–75.8 | NA | NA | |
| Duration of CI use a | 12.3 (3.8) | 7.1–21.3 | NA | NA | |
| Age of onset of deafness b | 3.4 (8.3) | 0–36 | NA | NA | |
| Pre-implant PTA c | 106.7 (11.0) | 85.0–118.4 | NA | NA | |
| Communication mode d | 5.0 (0.0) | 5–5 | NA | NA | |
| Income level e | 7.2 (2.5) | 2–10 | 7.2 (2.6) | 1–10 | 0.0 (ns) |
| Nonverbal intelligence f | 55.1 (7.4) | 32–68 | 55.4 (7.1) | 38–70 | −0.2 (ns) |
| Fisher's exact p | |||||
| Gender (female/male) | 24/29 | 33/27 | .35 | ||
Note. Degrees of freedom (df) for t tests = 111, except income level (t-test df = 100). p value (two-sided) for gender was obtained from a Fisher's exact test. CI = cochlear implant; NH = normal-hearing; ns = not significant at p ≤ .05; NA = not applicable; PTA = pure-tone average.
a
In years.
b
In months.
c
Pre-implant unaided pure-tone average for frequencies of 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz in dB HL.
d
Communication mode coded mostly sign (1) to auditory–verbal (6; Geers & Brenner, 2003).
e
On a 1 (under $5,500) to 10 ($95,000+) scale (Kronenberger et al., 2013).
f
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Matrix Reasoning (t score).