Table 2.

Comparison of groups on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–Fourth Edition (PPVT-4), Nonword Repetition, McGarr durations and speech intelligibility, and Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition (CELF-4).

Measure	CI sample (n = 53)	NH sample (n = 60)	t
	M (SD)	M (SD)
PPVT-4 a	90.79 (19.39)	111.78 (15.23)	−6.44***
Nonword Repetition b , c	25.82 (19.34)	87.44 (9.45)	−17.84***
McGarr duration d
7-Syllable	1.91 (0.37)	1.61 (0.14)	5.65***
McGarr Speech Intelligibility e	57.92 (17.82)	83.77 (5.81)	−10.62***
CELF-4
Formulated Sentences f	8.06 (4.34)	12.33 (1.58)	−7.12***
Recalling Sentences f	6.43 (4.24)	11.48 (2.43)	−7.88***
Word Classes–Expressive f	9.02 (3.49)	12.32 (2.38)	−5.92***
Word Classes–Receptive f	8.58 (3.85)	12.47 (2.51)	−6.43***
Word Definitions f , g	9.31 (5.23)	13.42 (2.18)	−4.42***
Concepts & Following Directionsf,h	8.32 (3.20)	11.14 (1.55)	−3.72**
	Marginal mean (SE)	Marginal mean (SE)	F
Formulated Sentences f Controlling for PPVT-4 a	9.43 (0.36)	11.12 (0.33)	10.29**
Recalling Sentences f Controlling for PPVT-4 a	7.85 (0.39)	10.23 (0.36)	17.08***
Word Classes–Expressive f Controlling for PPVT-4a	10.50 (0.28)	11.01 (0.26)	1.54
Word Classes–Receptive f Controlling for PPVT-4 a	10.27 (0.28)	10.98 (0.26)	2.98
Word Definitions f , g Controlling for PPVT-4 a	11.07 (0.47)	11.94 (0.42)	1.68
Concepts & Following Directions f , h Controlling for PPVT-4 a	9.17 (0.54)	10.29 (0.54)	1.76

Note. Degrees of freedom (df) for t tests = 111, except for Word Definitions (df = 68) and Concepts & Following Directions (df = 42). CI = cochlear implant; NH = normal-hearing.

^a Standard score.

^b Percent whole nonwords correct.

^c CI sample: n = 38; NH sample: n = 39.

^d In seconds.

^e Perfect-sentence speech intelligibility score % correct.

^f Scaled score.

^g CI sample: n = 32; NH sample: n = 38.

^h CI sample: n = 22; NH sample: n = 22.

^** p < .01.

^*** p < .001.