Fig. 2.

Animal groups and partial recovery of cognitive visually behavior. a Experimental design, time line, injection intervals, and analysis times. b Toluidine blue semi-thin optic nerve sections with optic nerve crush (ONC) and without crush (intact) which confirmed axonal loss during 2 days after the injury. c Quantification of toluidine blue semi-thin optic nerve sections in (b). The data demonstrated that more the 50% axons loosed 2 days after injury. Data presented as mean ± SD for four optic nerves per group. The data were analyzed by the un-paired t-test. **P < 0.01. d Decision time through visual behavioral test shows improvement of retinal function in the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and EV groups compared to the vehicle group 60 days post-treatment. Intact group animals are the same age as the healthy mice. Data are shown with a violin plot and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey’s test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01