Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients
| Standard treatment (n=16) | Low-dose anakinra (n=7) | High-dose anakinra (n=29) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Male sex | 14 (88%) | 5 (71%) | 24 (83%) |
| Female sex | 2 (12%) | 2 (29%) | 5 (17%) |
| Age, years | 70 (64–78) | 68 (51–73) | 62 (55–71) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Tobacco smoking | 2 (13%) | 1 (14%) | 3 (10%) |
| Arterial hypertension | 8 (50%) | 3 (43%) | 15 (52%) |
| Coronary artery disease | 2 (13%) | 1 (14%) | 3 (10%) |
| Diabetes | 3 (19%) | 2 (29%) | 6 (21%) |
| COPD | 2 (13%) | 1 (14%) | 1 (3%) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (19%) | 1 (14%) | 2 (7%) |
| Inflammation markers | |||
| Axillary temperature, °C | 38·0 (37·2–38·5) | 38·3 (38·0–38·5) | 37·8 (37·2–38·5) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L (normal range <6) | 188 (130–246) | 139 (109–172) | 164 (105–227) |
| Ferritin, ng/mL (normal range 30–400) | 2218 (1389–2980) | 1037 (952–1591) | 1237 (941–3025) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L (normal range 125–220) | 459 (373–532) | 495 (310–585) | 458 (356–578) |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L (normal range 5–34) | 61 (39–114) | 53 (35–84) | 54 (40–94) |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L (normal range 6–59) | 51 (23–73) | 34 (30–57) | 42 (26–61) |
| Respiratory function | |||
| Treated with non-invasive ventilation | 16 (100%) | 7 (100%) | 29 (100%) |
| Duration of non-invasive ventilation, h per day | 9 (4–12) | 8 (6–14) | 12 (12–12) |
| PaO2:FiO2, mm Hg | 96 (73–128) | 107 (100–151) | 77 (68–86) |
| PaO2:FiO2 100–200 mm Hg (moderate ARDS) | 7 (44%) | 6 (86%) | 4 (14%) |
| PaO2:FiO2 <100 mm Hg (severe ARDS) | 9 (56%) | 1 (14%) | 25 (86%) |
Data are n (%) or median (IQR). COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PaO2=partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood. FiO2=fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air. ARDS=acute respiratory distress syndrome.