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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Cancer. 2019 Jun 14;5(8):460–463. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.05.007

Figure 2. Vascular Detransformation Serves as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer.

Figure 2.

Vascular detransformation results in multiple beneficial consequences including vessel normalization, endothelial cell (EC) re-expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, EC de-mesenchymalization, and immunity reactivation in cancer. (A) Vessel normalization reduces intratumor hypoxia, increases drug delivery, and promotes T cell infiltration, thereby enhancing the effects of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. (B) EC re-expression of VEGFR-2 sensitizes tumor-associated ECs to antiangiogenic therapy that targets VEGF. (C) Inhibition of EC mesenchymalization sensitizes tumor-associated ECs to chemotherapy and radiation. (D) Reactivation of immunity in the perivascular niche promotes T cell survival and activation in the tumor microenvironment, thereby improving T cell-based immunotherapy outcomes.