Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics, Clinical Characteristics, and Clinical Outcomes of OPAT Participants, by Drug and Alcohol Use History
| All Antibiotic Treatment Courses (n = 72) | History of Drug or Risky Alcohol Use (n = 35) | No History of Drug or Risky Alcohol Use (n = 37) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (IQR), y | 51 (40–60) | 50 (43–57) | 56 (35–65) | .29 |
| Male sex, % (No.) | 69 (50) | 86 (30) | 54 (20) | .27 |
| Race/ethnicity, % (No.) | ||||
| White | 28 (20) | 40 (14) | 16 (6) | .13 |
| Black | 18 (13) | 14 (5) | 22 (8) | .56 |
| Hispanic/Latinx | 25 (18) | 29 (10) | 22 (8) | .79 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 25 (18) | 11 (4) | 38 (14) | .06 |
| Other/unknown | 4 (3) | 6 (2) | 3 (1) | 1.00 |
| Housing status upon admission, % (No.) | ||||
| Housed in apartment/home | 85 (61) | 65 (26) | 95 (35) | .60 |
| Housed in single room occupancy | 8 (6) | 11 (4) | 5 (2) | .68 |
| Homelessa | 7 (5) | 14 (5) | 0 (0) | .06 |
| Staying with friends | 3 (2) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| In shelter | 3 (2) | 6 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| Staying outdoors/street | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| Comorbid conditions, % (No.)b | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 31 (22) | 23 (8) | 38 (14) | .34 |
| Malignancy | 10 (7) | 3 (1) | 16 (6) | .12 |
| HIV | 14 (10) | 23 (8) | 5 (2) | .09 |
| Other immunosuppressionc | 7 (5) | 3 (1) | 11 (4) | .36 |
| Drug & alcohol useb | ||||
| Risky alcohol use or alcohol use disorder | 8 (6) | 17 (6) | - | |
| Opioid use disorder on methadone or buprenorphine | 7 (5) | 14 (5) | - | |
| Drug use timing | ||||
| No history of drug use | 58 (42) | 14 (5)d | 100 (37) | |
| Any drug use | 40 (29) | 83 (29) | ||
| Recent drug use (<6 mo) | 21 (15) | 43 (15) | - | |
| Prior drug use (>6 mo or unspecified) | 19 (14) | 40 (14) | - | |
| Unknown drug use | 1 (1) | 3 (1)d | - | |
| Type of drugs usedb | ||||
| Cocaine | 21 (15) | 43 (15) | - | |
| Methamphetamines | 21 (15) | 43 (15) | - | |
| Heroin | 8 (6) | 17 (6) | - | |
| Other (hallucinogens, benzodiazepines, dissociatives, or not specified) | 4 (3) | 9 (3) | - | |
| Infection requiring IV antibioticsb | ||||
| Bacteremia | 31 (22) | 31 (11) | 30 (11) | 1.00 |
| Endocarditis | 6 (4) | 6 (2) | 5 (2) | 1.00 |
| Osteomyelitis | 21 (15) | 20 (7) | 22 (8) | .86 |
| Hardware/prosthetic infection | 10 (7) | 11 (4) | 8 (3) | .71 |
| Abscess | 13 (9) | 14 (5) | 11 (4) | .74 |
| Urinary tract infection | 10 (7) | 9 (3) | 11 (4) | 1.00 |
| Othere | 17 (12) | 11 (4) | 22 (8) | .25 |
| Location of treatment | ||||
| Home | 72 (52) | 60 (21) | 84 (31) | .47 |
| Hospital infusion center | 21 (15) | 31 (11) | 11 (4) | .10 |
| Hospital-affiliated skilled nursing facility | 6 (4) | 6 (2) | 5 (2) | 1.00 |
| Medical respite facility | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | .49 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Completion of antibiotic course as outpatient | 90 (65) | 91 (32) | 89 (33) | 1.00 |
| 30-d hospital readmission | 13 (9) | 11 (4) | 14 (5) | 1.00 |
| 30-d readmission related to OPATf | 4 (3) | 9 (3) | 0 (0) | .24 |
| 90-d hospital readmission | 26 (17) | 17 (6) | 30 (11) | .42 |
| 90-d readmission related to OPATf | 6 (4) | 9 (3) | 5 (2) | .68 |
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; IV, intravenous; OPAT, outpatient parenteral/intravenous antimicrobial therapy.
aPatients experiencing homelessness completed OPAT in the following manner: n = 2 at friends’ homes, n = 2 at the infusion center, n = 1 at the hospital-affiliated skilled nursing facility.
bCategories not mutually exclusive.
cOther immunosuppression included solid organ transplant, hematologic malignancy, chemotherapy, or prednisone >10 mg daily.
dIndividuals using alcohol but not noted to use other drugs.
eOther infections included neurosyphilis (n = 4), nontuberculous mycobacterial infections (n = 4), septic arthritis (n = 2), and deep-seated actinomyces infections (n = 2).
fOPAT-related readmissions defined as due to antibiotic complication/adverse effect or vascular access device complication.