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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: J Clean Prod. 2017 Sep 10;161:957–967. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.206

Table 1.

Overview of the human societal values and how damages on these values are measured and the respective links to humans/man-made and natural systems.

Intrinsic values Instrumental values Cultural values
Humans and man-made systems Human health (measured as damages on humans from morbidity & mortality) Socio-economic assets (measured as damages on man-made environment such as built infrastructure, loss of cash crops, etc.) Cultural heritage (measured as damages on buildings, historic monuments, artwork, landscapes, etc.)
Natural systems Ecosystem quality (measured as damages on ecosystems, i.e. biodiversity loss, by means of species richness & vulnerability) Natural resources &Ecosystem services (measured as damages on resources, such as exhaustion of mineral primary resources, loss of availability of crops, wood, loss of water flow regulation potentials, etc.) Natural heritage (measured as damages on flora, fauna, geological elements, etc.)