Table 2.
Multivariable associations among pregnant women between depression status and covariates adjusted for clustering by community
| Multivariable model including emotional IPV, excluding sexual/physical IPVa | Multivariable model including sexual/physical IPV excluding emotional IPVb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor | Risk ratio (95% CI) | p value | Risk ratio (95% CI) | p value |
| Hope Score | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.006 | 0.93 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.012 |
| Number of pregnancies | 0.428 | 0.477 | ||
| One pregnancy | REF | REF | ||
| 2–3 pregnancies | 0.74 (0.43, 1.29) | 0.76 (0.43, 1.32) | ||
| 4 or more pregnancies | 0.69 (0.38, 1.24) | 0.71 (0.39, 1.27) | ||
| Ever attended formal school | 1.00 (0.66, 1.51) | 0.993 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.54) | 0.991 |
| Household hunger | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||
| Little to none | REF | REF | ||
| Moderate | 2.20 (1.47, 3.29) | 2.23 (1.48, 3.37) | ||
| Severe | 2.66 (1.02, 7.01) | 2.90 (1.15, 7.32) | ||
| SES (asset quintile) | 0.297 | 0.487 | ||
| Lowest quintile | REF | REF | ||
| Second quintile | 1.36 (0.86, 2.16) | 1.38 (0.87, 2.20) | ||
| Middle quintile | 1.24 (0.76, 2.04) | 1.27 (0.76, 2.13) | ||
| Fourth quintile | 1.48 (0.90, 2.44) | 1.38 (0.84, 2.27) | ||
| Highest quintile | 1.22 (0.52, 2.85) | 1.25 (0.55, 2.84) | ||
| Emotional IPV (12 months) | 1.56 (1.06, 2.28) | 0.023 | - | - |
| Physical and/or sexual IPV (12 months) | - | - | 1.54 (1.04, 2.27) | 0.032 |
| Sufficient social support from female relatives | 0.58 (0.34, 1.00) | 0.052 | 0.57 (0.34, 0.95) | 0.029 |
Inclusive of hope, emotional IPV or physical/sexual IPV, hunger, number of pregnancies, education, SES, and social support from female relatives
an = 359
bn = 358