Table 1:

Reversible Causes and Clinical Predictors of ES in ICD Patients

Potential Reversible Arrhythmic Triggers	Recognized Clinical Predictors of ES
Acute myocardial ischemia	Severely depressed LVEF
Electrolyte imbalances	Secondary prevention ICD indication
Decompensated HF	Use of class I AADs
Hyperthyroidism	Monomorphic VT as triggering arrhythmia
Infection and/or fever	Chronic kidney disease
Proarrhythmic drug effects
Early postoperative period

ES: electrical storm; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; AAD: antiarrhythmic drug; VT: ventricular tachycardia.