Table 1:
Summary of Studies Employing Zero-fluoroscopy for Atrial Fibrillation
| Study | Year Published | Study Design | No. of Patients Treated* | AF Type | Mapping System** | ICE Use? | Energy Type | Procedure Time | Success | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ferguson et al.4 | 2009 | Prospective, observational | 21 | Paroxysmal + persistent | EnSite™ NavX™ | Yes | Irrigated RF | 208 (188–221) minutes | 100% | 0% |
| Reddy et al.5 | 2010 | Prospective, observational | 20 | Paroxysmal | EnSite™ NavX™ | Yes | Irrigated RF | 244 ± 75 minutes | 97% | 0% |
| Razminia et al.6 | 2014 | Retrospective, cohort | 5 | Paroxysmal | EnSite™ NavX™ | Yes | Cryoballoon | 181 ± 42 minutes | 100% | 0% |
| Percell et al.7 | 2016 | Retrospective, cohort | 20 | Paroxysmal + persistent | CARTO® | Yes | Irrigated RF | 210.38 minutes | 100% | 5% (one tamponade) |
| Bulava et al.8 | 2015 | Prospective, randomized | 40 | Paroxysmal | CARTO® | Yes | Irrigated RF | 92.5 ± 22.9 minutes | 100% | 0% |
| O’Brien et al.9 | 2017 | Prospective, observational | 55 | Paroxysmal + persistent | CARTO® | No (TEE) | Irrigated RF | 127.71 ± 46.23 minutes | 100% | 5.4% (three unrelated to the procedure) |
| Razminia et al.10 | 2017 | Retrospective, cohort | 186 | Paroxysmal + persistent | EnSite™ NavX™ or CARTO® | Yes | Irrigated RF or cryoballoon | 194.4 minutes | 100% | 1.6% (two tamponade, one atrioesophageal fistula) |
| Lyan et al.11 | 2018 | Retrospective, cohort | 245 | Paroxysmal | CARTO® | Yes | Irrigated RF | 108.8 ± 18.2 minutes | 100% | 1.2% (three tamponade) |
AF: atrial fibrillation; ICE: intracardiac echocardiography; RF: radiofrequency; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.
*A total of 592 patients were treated.
**The EnSite™ NavX™ system is manufactured by Abbott Laboratories (Chicago, IL, USA), whereas the CARTO® system is manufactured by Biosense Webster (Diamond Bar, CA, USA).