Figure 4.

Acoustofluidic methods to probe cell interactions. With (A) two parallel interdigital transducers, (B) two cell types can be co-cultured in adjacent lines, (C) co-culturing HUVEC/hADSC in ratios of 1:0, 5:1, and 2:1 demonstrated enhanced cell–cell contact in the fabricated cell-hydrogel construct for studying vessel maturation. (D) With four transducers in a square configuration, cells can be manipulated individually to investigate (E) cell-cell interactions, (F) cell-malarial parasite interactions, and (G) cells in a 3D spheroid. Images reproduced with permission from references [36,111–114].