(A and B) Ten weeks of probiotics improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin sensitivity in older obese mice, measured by oral glucose tolerance test (A) and insulin tolerance test (B) (n = 6 in control and n = 8 in probiotics groups; *P < 0.05, 2-way ANOVA). (C) Representative images of H&E staining of liver (upper panels) showing reduced fat accumulation and white adipose tissue (WAT; lower panels) showing reduced adipocyte size, along with reduced inflammation (indicated by crown-like structures; red arrows) in probiotics fed mice (n = 8) compared with their controls (n = 6). (D) Crown-like structures are graphed. (E) Probiotic-fed older obese mice (n = 8) exhibited higher physical function presented as walking speed compared with their age- and sex-matched HFD-fed controls (n = 6). Values are mean of n = 6–8 mice in each group, and data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, and ***P < 0.001 by 2-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction (A and B) and Student’s t test (D and E).