(A–C) LPS-induced inflammatory response in terms of mRNA expression of IL-6 (A), TNF-α (B), and IL-1β (C) was reduced in primary macrophages isolated from peritoneal cavity of older HFD-fed mice treated with probiotics (n = 8) compared with their controls (n = 6). (D–H) In addition, the expression of proinflammatory markers such as IL-6 (D), TNF-α (E), and IL-1β (F) were decreased, while antiinflammatory genes like IL-10 (G) and TGF-β (H) mRNA expressions were increased in the colon of probiotic-fed older obese mice (n = 8) compared with their controls (n = 6). (I and J) In addition, systemic leaky gut markers such as LPS binding protein (LBP) (I) and soluble CD14 (J) were reduced in the serum of probiotic-fed older obese mice (n = 7) compared with their controls (n = 6). Values are mean of n = 6–8 in each group, and data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student t-test (A–J).