Table 4.
Comparison of cytokines and chemokine levels in acute and convalescent sera of children with primary and secondary infections, Vietnam, 2017
| Cytokine or chemokine | Control (N = 9) | Primary infection (N = 15) | Secondary infection (N = 43) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute sera | ||||
| IFN-γ | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | 8.7 (3.5-16-8) | 14.3 (5.6–79.8) | 0.0001 |
| IL-10 | 4.3 (2.5–5.2) | 155.2 (36.3–409.2) | 332–7 (102.5–928.6) | 0.001 |
| IL-12P40 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 6.8 (0.1–20.1) | 1.9 (0.0–18.9) | 0.08 |
| IL-1b | 0.1 (0.0–2.4) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 1.5 (0.4–3.8) | 0.18 |
| IL-6 | 1.1 (0.7–6.3) | 5.3 (2.5–17.2) | 7.3 (2.8–22.1) | 0.024 |
| IL-8 | 12.9 (7.9–19.6) | 18.2 (12.0–49.2) | 22.1 (7.4–46.2) | 0.31 |
| MCP-1 | 59.3 (45.8–97.2) | 687.2 (203.0–1,179.9) | 558.0 (381.7–992.4) | 0.0001 |
| TNF-α | 23.2 (16.4–27.3) | 34.1 (22.2–86.7) | 34.8 (25.3–63.3) | 0.07 |
| Convalescent sera | ||||
| IFN-γ | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | 5.9 (3.5–12.9) | 3.2 (1.1–6.8) | 0.0001* |
| IL-10 | 4.3 (2.5–5.2) | 94.4 (74.3–144.2) | 75.3 (29.0–332.1) | 0.0001 |
| IL-12P40 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 4.2 (0.0–42.1) | 1.0 (0.0–24.0) | 0.011 |
| IL-1b | 0.1 (0.0–2.4) | 1.3 (0.5–4.6) | 1.1 (0.4–2.9) | 0.15 |
| IL-6 | 1.1 (0.7–6.3) | 30.5 (3.7–59.4) | 5.6 (1.1–27.6) | 0.013* |
| IL-8 | 12.9 (7.9–19.6) | 37.5 (8.7–86.1) | 12.9 (6.4–56.9) | 0.37 |
| MCP-1 | 59.3 (45.8–97.2) | 471.1 (412.5–890.5) | 482.8 (321.0–660.6) | 0.0001 |
| TNF-α | 23.2 (16.4–27.3) | 43.5 (25.7–132.2) | 30.1 (20.4–78.1) | 0.08 |
Cytokine concentrations are expressed in pg/mL. Cytokines and chemokines levels are expressed as median (IQR) for each groups (control, primary, and secondary infection). All comparisons within groups are performed by using the Kruskal–Wallis test, and comparison between two groups is performed by the Mann–Whitney test. Range of numbers in parentheses beside the median refers to minimum–maximum values.
* Between patients with primary and secondary infections, level of IFN-r (P = 0.02) and IL-10 (P = 0.04) are significantly different.