Table 1.

Clinical features of snakebite patients presenting to the emergency room

SN	Age (years)	Gender	Envenoming snakes*	Clinical presentation	20WBCT	PT/INR	Renal function test (ref: urea: 15–45 mg/dL, creatinine: 0.4–1.4 mg/dL)	Hospital stay (days)	Recovery status
1	41	Female	Green pit viper	Swelling and pain on the right ring finger	Positive	35.6/2.7	Urea: 40, creatinine: 1.2	4	Recovered
2	11	Female	Green pit viper	Pain, swelling of the whole right leg, and blister formation on the right ankle	Positive	50/3.8	Urea: 30, creatinine: 0.9	7	Recovered
3	68	Female	Mountain pit viper	Pain and swelling over the whole right leg	Positive	38/2.9	Urea: 42, creatinine: 1.3	5	Recovered
4	24	Female	Mountain pit viper	Pain and swelling over the left ring finger, and burning and tingling sensation of the whole bitten limb	Positive	190.5/16.7	Urea: 22, creatinine: 1.2	4	Recovered
5	18	Male	Green pit viper	Dizziness and minimal swelling over the bitten area (left thumb)	Positive	160/12	Urea: 31.3, creatinine: 1.3	6	Recovered
6	27	Male	Green pit viper	Pain and swelling over the whole right leg	Positive	53/4	Urea: 26.1, creatinine: 1.2	4	Recovered
7	68	Female	Green pit viper	Pain and swelling over the whole right leg	Positive	38/2.9	Urea: 44.1, creatinine: 1.2	5	Recovered
8	52	Male	Green pit viper	Pain and swelling over right ankle, use of tourniquet just below the knee, and swelling present below the tourniquet site	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 29.1, creatinine: 0.7	3	Recovered
9	23	Male	Green pit viper	Swelling over the right ankle region, and tingling and burning sensation over the bitten area	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 23, creatinine: 0.6	3	Recovered
10	35	Female	Green pit viper	Snakebite on the right ring finger and minimal swelling over the bitten finger	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 24.8, creatinine: 0.7	3	Recovered
11	77	Female	Green pit viper	Pain and swelling on the right ankle joint	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 44, creatinine: 1.3	8	Recovered
12	15	Female	Green pit viper	Pain and swelling on the whole right leg	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 18.5, creatinine: 0.5	7	Recovered
13	18	Female	Green pit viper	Pain and swelling on the right ankle joint	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 22.2, creatinine: 0.8	4	Recovered
14	27	Female	Green pit viper	Snakebite on the left ring finger, pain and burning sensation over the whole bitten limb, and minimal swelling over the bitten area	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 42, creatinine: 1.0	5	Recovered
15	33	Female	Mountain pit viper	Pain and burning sensation over the bitten left foot and minimal swelling over the bitten area	Positive	Undetectable	Urea: 32, creatinine: 1.1	6	Recovered

20WBCT = 20-minute whole blood clotting test; PT/INR = prothrombin time and international normalized ratio. Undetectable PT/INR value was labeled to the extremely high value of PT/INR not detected by the hospital laboratory PT/INR machine.

^*The dead envenoming snake brought by the patient (or their visitors) was identified by the medical personnel who had been trained to look after the snakebite cases in the hospital. “Venomous Snakes of Nepal: A photographic guide” was used as a reference to review the identified snake.² If there was any confusion about identifying the snake, then the image of the snake was taken and sent to the national expert on snakebite via social networking groups such as “WhatsApp.”