Table 1. Kinship and social behavior.

Statistics obtained from generalized linear mixed models (proc GENMOD, SAS Studio) with a negative binomial distribution performed to study the relationships between social behavior (grooming and aggression) or spatial association recorded across 45 adult females and a set of explanatory variables, including kinship. Rank difference stands for the distance in rank in females from the studied pairs (see Materials and Methods); for example, “0” indicates females of equal rank and “1” indicates pairs composed of a low- and a mid-ranking female or pairs composed of a high- and a mid-ranking female.

	Explanatory variables	Estimate	χ2	P
Grooming	Kinship*		13.19	0.001
	MHS	1.34
	NK	−2.67
	Rank difference†		2.66	0.26
	0	−1.38
	1	−1.74
	Age difference	−0.02	0.01	0.92
Aggression	Kinship*		5.48	0.065
	MHS	−0.19
	NK	−0.98
	Rank difference†		2.88	0.24
	0	0.71
	1	0.39
	Age difference	0.19	3.86	0.050
Spatial association	Kinship*		3.35	0.19
	MHS	0.39
	NK	0.03
	Rank difference†		23.23	<0.0001
	0	0.51
	1	0.30
	Age difference	0.06	0.14	0.71
	Kinship × Age difference‡		7.06	0.029
	Age × MHS	−0.09
	Age × NK	−0.13

*Class reference: PHS.

†Class reference: 2 (two classes of rank difference).

‡Class reference: Age × PHS.