TABLE 4.

Associations of digital pulse propagation index with fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events

		Intermediate DPPI (Q3)	High DPPI (Q4)		LogDPPI continuous
	Low DPPI (Q1 + Q2)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	P (trend)	HR (95% CI) per SD	P	Harrell's C
CAD events, n = 227
Model 1	1.0 (ref)	2.03 (1.71–2.41)	4.43 (3.28–5.96)	<0.001	1.53 (1.41–1.67)	<0.001	0.68
Model 2	1.0 (ref)	1.29 (0.97–1.74)	1.93 (1.37–2.72)	<0.001	1.17 (1.05–1.32)	0.009	0.76
Model 3	1.0 (ref)	1.32 (0.92–1.91)	1.54 (1.06–2.25)	0.03	1.02 (0.90–1.17)	0.74	0.81
Model 4	1.0 (ref)	1.28 (0.88–1.85)	1.50 (1.03–2.18)	0.04	1.02 (0.89–1.16)	0.78	0.81
Cerebrovascular events, n = 99
Model 1	1.0 (ref)	3.01 (2.29–3.96)	4.62 (2.76–7.74)	<0.001	1.63 (1.43–1.87)	<0.001	0.67
Model 2	1.0 (ref)	1.99 (1.49–2.66)	1.90 (1.07–3.36)	0.05	1.26 (1.06–1.49)	0.01	0.80
Model 3	1.0 (ref)	2.11 (1.14–3.54)	1.54 (0.86–2.76)	0.25	1.15 (0.96–1.38)	0.12	0.81
Model 4	1.0 (ref)	2.09 (1.18–3.69)	1.57 (0.87–2.83)	0.24	1.18 (0.98–1.43)	0.08	0.83

Model 1: association for log-transformed DPPI, adjusted for heart rate DPPI; model 2: model 1 + adjustment for age, sex, and body height; model 3: model 2 + adjustment for MAP, use of antihypertensive drugs, smoking, prior history of cardiovascular disease, and NT-proBNP; model 4: model 3 + adjustment for waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, history of diabetes, eGFR, urinary albumin excretion and urinary sodium excretion. CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; DPPI, digital pulse propagation index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure.