TABLE 5.

Associations of digital pulse propagation index with new-onset heart failure

		Intermediate DPPI (Q3)	High DPPI (Q4)		LogDPPI continuous
	Low DPPI (Q1 + Q2)	HR (95% CI)	HR (95% CI)	P (trend)	HR (95% CI) per SD	P	Harrell's C
HFrEF, n = 86
Model 1	1.0 (ref)	2.13 (1.51–3.01)	7.32 (4.15–12.94)	<0.001	1.81 (1.60–2.06)	<0.001	0.74
Model 2	1.0 (ref)	1.27 (0.89–1.81)	2.64 (1.43–4.87)	0.001	1.42 (1.20–1.68)	<0.001	0.83
Model 3	1.0 (ref)	1.33 (0.67–2.69)	2.16 (1.14–4.09)	0.013	1.29 (1.06–1.57)	0.010	0.89
Model 4	1.0 (ref)	1.34 (0.66–2.72)	2.26 (1.18–4.33)	0.009	1.32 (1.08–1.60)	0.005	0.91
HFpEF, n = 60
Model 1	1.0 (ref)	1.03 (0.53–2.02)	1.84 (1.02–3.35)	0.06	1.31 (1.04–1.63)	0.019	0.59
Model 2	1.0 (ref)	0.79 (0.39–1.60)	0.90 (0.46–1.76)	0.76	0.98 (0.76–1.27)	0.89	0.82
Model 3	1.0 (ref)	0.80 (0.40–1.62)	0.81 (0.41–1.59)	0.55	0.91 (0.71–1.19)	0.51	0.85
Model 4	1.0 (ref)	0.86 (0.42–1.72)	0.84 (0.42–1.66)	0.61	0.94 (0.73–1.22)	0.65	0.86

Model 1: association for log-transformed DPPI, adjusted for heart rate; model 2: model 1 + adjustment for age, sex, and body height; model 3: model 2 + adjustment for MAP, use of antihypertensive drugs, smoking, prior history of cardiovascular disease, and NT-proBNP; model 4: model 3 + adjustment for waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, history of diabetes, eGFR, urinary albumin excretion, and urinary sodium excretion. CI, confidence interval; DPPI, digital pulse propagation index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fracture; HR, hazard ratio; MAP, mean arterial pressure; NT-proBNP, N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide.