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. 2020 Apr 29;57(6):2741–2765. doi: 10.1007/s12035-020-01913-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Biochemical characterization of DA- and DHA-modified α-Syn oligomers. a–d Representative WB images of the indicated amounts of the four different α-Syn aggregates probed with a generic α-Syn antibody LB509. e–g Size exclusion chromatograms (SEC) of the three oligomers showing different sizes of aggregates. SynO-DA shows more homogeneous aggregates with a single peak, whereas SynO-DHA shows multiple peaks corresponding to different sizes of aggregates. HMW = high molecular weight, LMW = low molecular weight. h, i Representative AFM images of α-Syn aggregates and their height distribution chromatograms. All three oligomer preparations show spherical structures, whereas Syn fibrils show protofilaments. j Fluorescence intensity measurement of bis-ANS binding to α-Syn aggregates shows significantly strong binding to all the three α-Syn oligomers compared to Syn fibrils. SynO-DHA shows strongest binding intensity with bis-ANS than the other two oligomer preparations. k Fluorescence intensity measurement of ThT binding to α-Syn aggregates. ThT binding to all three α-Syn oligomer preparations is significantly less compared to Syn fibrils. Data are represented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. ^$$$p < 0.001, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. Scale bar 100 nm