TABLE 4.
The regulating approaches for bacterial biofilms.
| Strategy | Mechanism | References |
| 1. Prevention and control as well as promotion of bacterial attachment | ||
| 1.1 Antifouling surfaces | ||
| Poly ethylene glycol (PEG) | Bacteria repelling coatings | Roosjen et al., 2003; Roosjen et al., 2005 |
| 1.2 Antimicrobial surfaces | ||
| Silver | Antimicrobial releasing coatings | Bazaka et al., 2012; Francolini et al., 2017 |
| quaternary ammoniumcompounds (QACs) | Contact killing coatings | Hasan et al., 2013; Achinas et al., 2019 |
| 1.3 Small molecules | ||
| aryl rhodanines | Anti-adhesion | Cegelski et al., 2009; Chung and Toh, 2014 |
| Pilicides and curlicides | Anti-adhesion | Cegelski et al., 2009; Chorell et al., 2012 |
| 1.4 Surface modification | ||
| Oxygen plasma on carbon based materials | Promotion of bacterial attachment, biofilm formation and electricity generation in BESs | Flexer et al., 2013 |
| Nitrogen plasma on carbon anode | Promotion of biofilm formation and electricity production in MFCs | He et al., 2012 |
| Polyethylene membrane (PE) modified with positively charged graft polymer chains (diethylamino) | High adhesiveness for nitrifying bacteria than original unmodified membrane and rapiddevelopment of nitrifying biofilms | Hibiya et al., 2000 |
| Methoxy-PEG-amine (-PEG-NH2) modification on a rough PP surface and the smooth PE surface | Enhancement in biofilm formation | Lackner et al., 2009 |
| 2. Control or promotion of bacterial signal transduction (quorum sensing interference) | ||
| 2.1 Quorum quenchers (QQs) | ||
| Enzymes includinglactonase, acylase, oxidoreductase, and paraoxonase | Enzymatic degradation of signal molecules | Sadekuzzaman et al., 2015 |
| 2.2 Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) | ||
| N-octanoyl-L-HSL (C8-HSL) | Inhibition of the synthesis of signal molecules | Hirakawa and Tomita, 2013 |
| 2.3 Natural agents | ||
| Furanone, ajoene, naringin, musaceae, andcurcumin | Prevention of bacterial biofilm | Ponnusamy et al., 2010; Musthafa et al., 2010; Jakobsen et al., 2012; Truchado et al., 2012; Packiavathy et al., 2014 |
| Honey | Restriction to biofilm development | Sharahi et al., 2019 |
| 2.4 AIs and QS genes | ||
| 10 μM acyl homoserine lactones | Encouragement of beneficial biofilm formation | Chen et al., 2017 |
| 100 μM quinolone | Enhancement in biofilm mass | Chen et al., 2017 |
| increased expression of QS genes lasI and rhlI | Improvement of biofilm formation and EPS production | Mangwani et al., 2016 |
| 3. Disruption of bacterial biofilm matrix | ||
| 3.1 Matrix targeting enzymes | ||
| DNase I, restriction endonucleases, glycoside hydrolases, proteases, and dispersin B | EPS degradation | Kaplan, 2014; Parrino et al., 2019 |
| 3.2 Bacteriophages | ||
| phage SAP-26 | EPS degradation | Lu and Collins, 2007 |
| 3.3 Small molecules | ||
| Cis-2 decenoic acid (C2DA) | Biofilm dispersal | Jennings et al., 2012; Chung and Toh, 2014 |