TABLE 5.

Goodness-of-fit statistics for each level of structural and measurement invariance across languages.

Model	SBχ2 (df)	SBχ2 /(df)	CFI	RMSEA	Model comparison	SBΔχ2	Δdf	p
1. Invariance of model configuration	109.57 (52)	2.1	0.90	0.07	–	–	–	–
2. Invariance of factor loadings	122.63 (59)	2.1	0.90	0.07	Model1-Model2	13.06	7	0.071
3. Invariance of structural variances/covariances	124.03 (62)	2.0	0.89	0.07	Model2-Model3	1.40	3	0.704
4. Invariance of measurement error	132.34 (71)	1.9	0.89	0.06	Model3 -Model4	8.31	9	0.503

SBχ², chi square test; df, degrees of freedom; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; SBΔχ², Satorra–Bentler scaled difference; Δdf, difference in degrees of freedom between nested models; p, probability value of SBΔχ²-test.