Table 2.

A paired comparison of working memory, selective attention, executive functions, and processing speed

Variables	Mean Difference of Experimental Group with Control Group
	Pre-test	Post-test	Follow-up
Working memory	250 1–2, 0.083 1–3, 0.167 1–4, −0.083 1–5, −1.67 2–3, −0.83 2–4, −0.333 2–5, 0.0833–4, −0.0167 3–5, −0.0250 4–5	1.00 1–2, 3.917 1–3***, 3.583 1–4**, 0.083 1–5, 2.917 2–3*, 2.583 2–4*, −0.917 2–5, −0.333 3–4, −3.833 3–5**, −3.500 4–5**	1.583 1–2, 2.917 1–3*, 2.667 1–4*, −0.500 1–5, 1.333 2–3, 1.083 2–4, −2.083 2–5, −0.250 3–4, −3.417 3–5**, 3.167 4–5**
Selective attention	0.333 1–2, 0.250 1–3, 0.083 1–4, 0.167 1–5, −0.083 2–3, −0.250 2–4, −0.167 2–5, −0.167 3–4, −0.083 3–5, 0.083 4–5	0.083 1–2, 2.750 1–3*, 2.833 1–4*, 0.000 1–5, −0.083 2–3, 2.917 2–4*, −0.083 2–5, −0.083 3–4, 2.750 3–5*, 2.833 4–5*	−0.333 1–2, −2.333 1–3*, −2.417 1–4*, −0.250 1–5, −2.000 2–3*, −2.083 2–4*, 2.083 2–5*, −0.083 3–4, 2.083 3–5*, 2.167 4–5*
Executive functions	0.167 1–2, 0.00 1–3, 0.000 1–4, 0.083 1–5, −1.67 2–3, −1.167 2–4, −0.083 2–5, 0.000 3–4, 0.083 3–5, 0.83 4–5	0.417 1–2, −3.083 1–3*, 2.667 1–4*, 0.250 1–5, −3.500 2–3**, −3.083 2–4*, −0.167 2–5, 0.417 3–4, 3.333 3–5**, 2.917 4–5*	0.25 1–2, −2.417 1–3*, −2.083 1–4*, 0.250 1–5, −2.667 2–3*, −2.333 2–4*, 0.000 2–5, 0.333 3–4, 2.667 3–5*, 2.333 4–5*
Processing speed	8.58 1–2, 16.667 1–3, 10.833 1–4, 20.167 1–5, 8.083 2–3, 2.250 2–4, 11.583 2–5, −5.833 3–4, 3.500 3–5, 9.333 4–5	−17.417 1–2, −87.167 1–3***, −90.583 1–4***, −6.083 1–5, −69.750 2–3*, −73.167 2–4*, 11.333 2–5, 3.417 3–4, 81.083 3–5*, 84.500 4–5**	−7.833 1–2, −41.583 1–3, −52.167 1–4, 20.083 1–5, −33.750 2–3, −44.333 2–4, 27.917 2–5, −10.583 3–4, 61.667 3–5*, 72.250 4–5*

^*P<0.05;

^**P<0.01;

^***P<0.001

^1–5:1 Computer-based group; ² Manual group; ³ Placebo group; ⁴ Control group; and ⁵ Combined group