Table 1.

Published literature highlighting clinically suspected myocarditis in COVID-19 patients

Study	Case	Clinical	Troponin	NT-proBNP	ECG	TTE	CMR	EMB	Outcome
Inciardi et al.7	53 M	Cough Fatigue Fever	Troponin T: 0.24 ng/mL	5647 pg/mL	Minimal diffuse ST segment elevation (more prominent in inferolateral leads) and ST depression with T wave inversion in lead V1 and aVR	LVEF 40%	Short tau inversion recovery and T2 mapping sequences showing biventricular myocardial interstitial edema. Inversion recovery sequences showing biventricular wall diffuse LGE	N/A	Clinical improvement
Zeng et al.5	63 M	Chest pain Cough Dyspnea Fever Sputum	Troponin I: 11.37 g/L	22,600 pg/mL	Sinus tachycardia, no ST elevation	LVEF 32%	N/A	N/A	ECMO as a bridge to clinical recovery
Hu et al.8	37 M	Chest pain Diarrhea Dyspnea	Troponin T: > 10,000 ng/L	21,025 ng/L	ST segment elevation in lead 3, aVF	LVEF 27%	N/A	N/A	Clinical recovery
Tavazzi et al.18	69 M	Cough Dyspnea Weakness	Troponin I: 4331 ng/L	N/A	N/A	LVEF 34%	N/A	CD68+ macrophages with viral particles noted. No virus in cardiac myocytes	Death from bacterial sepsis
Sala et al.36	43 F	Chest pain Dyspnea	Troponin T: 135 ng/L	512 pg/mL	Atrial ectopic rhythm, mild ST segment elevation in V1, V2, aVR; reciprocal ST depression in V4-V6	LVEF 43%	Basal and mid-LV hypokinesis with diffuse myocardial edema. LGE showed absence of scar and necrosis	Diffuse T-lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates with interstitial edema and limited necrosis. No viral genome in myocardium	Clinical recovery
Doyen et al.37	69 M	Cough Diarrhea Dyspnea Fever Vomiting	Troponin I: 9002 ng/L	N/A	Criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy and diffuse inverted T waves	LVEF > 50%	Subepicardial LGE of the apex and inferolateral wall	N/A	Clinical recovery
Coyle et al.38	57 M	Cough Diarrhea Dyspnea Fever Nausea	Troponin I: 7.33 ng/mL	1300 pg/mL	Sinus tachycardia, no ST-T wave changes	LVEF 35%-40%	Diffuse biventricular and biatrial edema with a small area of LGE	N/A	Clinical recovery
Luetkens et al.39	79 M	Dyspnea Fatigue Syncope	Troponin T: 63.5 ng/L	1178 pg/mL	Normal	LVEF > 50%	Diffuse interstitial myocardial edema with an increased T2 signal intensity ratio. T2 mapping showed diffuse myocardial inflammation	N/A	Clinical recovery
Kim et al.40	21 F	Cough Diarrhea Dyspnea Fever Sputum	Troponin I: 1.26 ng/mL	1929 pg/mL	Nonspecific interventricular conduction delay and multiple premature ventricular complexes	LVEF < 35%	Diffuse high signal intensity in the LV myocardium on T2 short tau inversion recovery image, and myocardial wall edema. Extensive transmural LGE	N/A	N/A

CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance; ECG, electrocardiogram; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenator; F, female; EMB, endomyocardial biopsy; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction, M, male; N/A, not available; NT-proBNP, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.