Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and nutritional data of women, stratified by groups according to intake of fat-free dairy products in pregnancy
| Groups | ||||
| Infrequent | Average | Regular | P value | |
| N (%) | 1103 | 146 | 755 | |
| Age | 31.9±5.4 | 33.4±5.0 | 33.6±4.6 | 0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | ||||
| Caucasian | 659 (59.7) | 52 (69.8) | 555 (73.6) | 0.001 |
| Hispanic | 406 (36.8) | 5 (3.4) | 185 (24.5) | |
| Family history >1 component of MetS | 416 (37.8) | 64 (44.1) | 364 (48.0) | 0.001 |
| History of miscarriage | 383 (34.7) | 49 (33.6) | 254 (33.6) | 0.634 |
| Primiparous | 431 (39.2) | 65 (44.8) | 353 (46.9) | 0.043 |
| Prepregnancy BW (kg) | 60.8±10.6 | 64.4±12.4 | 62.3±11.4 | 0.001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2±3.9 | 24.4±4.7 | 23.3±4.0 | 0.004 |
| BW at 24–28 GWs (kg) | 62.7±11.0 | 66.3±12.6 | 64.6±11.5 | |
| Weight gain at 24–28 GWs (kg) | 7.0±4.5 | 7.1±4.1 | 7.5±4.0 | 0.067 |
| BW at 36–38 GWs (kg) | 73.1±10.8 | 74.2±11.1 | 74.3±12.1 | 0.146 |
| Weight gain at 36–38 GWs (kg) | 12.1±6.2 | 10.9±5.9 | 11.9±6.4 | 0.173 |
| University degree | 647 (58.7) | 102 (69.8) | 568 (75.3) | 0.001 |
| Employed | 835 (75.7) | 117 (80.1) | 619 (82.0) | 0.199 |
| Smoker | ||||
| Never | 630 (57.1) | 81 (55.5) | 420 (55.6) | 0.917 |
| Current | 88 (8.0) | 11 (7.5) | 57 (7.5) | |
| Prepregnancy MEDAS | 5.0±1.7 | 5.2±1.6 | 5.3±1.8 | 0.002 |
| Prepregnancy nutrition | −0.4±3.0 | 0.7±2.9 | 1.4±3.1 | 0.001 |
| Pregnancy MEDAS score | 6.2±1.8 | 6.6±1.9 | 6.8±1.8 | 0.001 |
| Pregnancy nutrition score | 1.0±3.2 | 2.9±3.0 | 4.4±3.1 | 0.001 |
| Consumption of dairy (days/week) | ||||
| Fat-free | 0.1±0.6 | 3.8±1.0 | 7.0±0.5 | 0.001 |
| Low-fat | 4.1±3.4 | 4.7±3.3 | 1.7±3.0 | 0.001 |
| Full-fat | 5.0±2.7 | 3.4±2.7 | 3.0±2.9 | 0.001 |
| Fortified | 1.5±2.8 | 2.0±3.1 | 2.3±3.3 | 0.001 |
| Butter/Desserts | 1.5±2.2 | 1.3±2.1 | 1.0±1.9 | 0.001 |
Data are mean±SD or number (%). Regular: 7 days/week; average: 3–6 days/week; infrequent: 1–2 days/week.
P value denotes differences between groups analyzed with χ2 test or analysis of variance.
BMI, body mass index; BW, body weight; GWs, gestational weeks; MEDAS, Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener; MetS, metabolic syndrome.