Table 1. Characteristics of Patient Cohort, Stratified by Overdose Typea.
| Characteristic | No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All patients (n = 6451) | Overdose | ||
| Heroin (n = 1896) | Prescription opioid (n = 4555) | ||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 45.0 (19.3) | 31.0 (13.2) | 50.8 (18.4) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 3184 (49.4) | 1291 (68.1) | 1893 (41.6) |
| Female | 3267 (50.6) | 605 (31.9) | 2662 (58.4) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 4676 (72.5) | 1450 (76.5) | 3226 (70.8) |
| Black | 601 (9.3) | 148 (7.8) | 453 (9.9) |
| Hispanic | 536 (8.3) | 135 (7.1) | 401 (8.8) |
| Asian | 78 (1.2) | 9 (0.5) | 69 (1.5) |
| Unknown | 560 (8.7) | 154 (8.1) | 406 (8.9) |
| Year | |||
| 2011, quarter 4 | 229 (3.5) | 40 (2.1) | 189 (4.1) |
| 2012 | 1099 (17.1) | 239 (12.6) | 860 (18.9) |
| 2013 | 1164 (18.1) | 276 (14.6) | 888 (19.5) |
| 2014 | 1248 (19.3) | 362 (19.1) | 886 (19.5) |
| 2015 | 1387 (21.5) | 475 (25.1) | 912 (20.0) |
| 2016, quarters 1-3 | 1324 (20.5) | 504 (26.6) | 820 (18.0) |
| Region | |||
| Northeast | 659 (10.2) | 316 (16.7) | 343 (7.5) |
| South | 2627 (40.7) | 617 (32.5) | 2010 (44.1) |
| Midwest | 1619 (25.1) | 703 (37.1) | 916 (20.1) |
| West | 1546 (24.0) | 260 (13.7) | 1286 (28.2) |
| 90 d Before overdose | |||
| Anxiety treatment | 1625 (25.2) | 403 (21.3) | 1222 (26.8) |
| Depression treatment | 1416 (22.0) | 322 (17.0) | 1094 (24.0) |
| Prescription opioid claim | 3266 (50.6) | 317 (16.7) | 2949 (64.7) |
| Benzodiazepine claim | 2009 (31.1) | 373 (19.7) | 1636 (35.9) |
| MOUD claim | 320 (5.0) | 201 (10.6) | 119 (2.6) |
| Buprenorphine | 278 (4.3) | 168 (8.9) | 110 (2.4) |
| Naltrexone | 42 (0.7) | 33 (1.7) | 9 (0.2) |
| Treatment encounter for OUD | 539 (8.4) | 347 (18.3) | 192 (4.2) |
Abbreviations: MOUD, medication for opioid use disorder; OUD, opioid use disorder.
a
Two-sided t test and χ2 tests were performed; P < .001 for all patient characteristics.