Table 2.
The flame retardancy performance of epoxy containing phosphorus flame retardants.
| EPs and Incorporated Phosphorus Flame Retardant | wt.% | LOI (%) | UL-94 | pk-HRR (kW/m2) | THR (MJ/m2) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP/PEI | 1.2 | 23 | NR | 1074 | 45 | [56] |
| EP/PEI-APP | 10 | 26 | V-1 | 280 | 16 | [56] |
| 15 | 29.5 | V-0 | 281 | 11 | [56] | |
| EP/4,4-diaminodiphenyl methan (DDM) | 0(P) | 24 | – | – | – | [57] |
| EP/PA-I | 4.16(P) | 34 | – | – | – | [57] |
| EP/PA-II | 5.1(P) | 35 | – | – | – | [57] |
| EP/MAPP/Cu2O | 0/0 | 19 | NR | 761 | 112 | [59] |
| 20/0 | 31 | NR | 391 | 53 | [59] | |
| 18/2 | 35 | V-0 | 312 | 61 | [59] | |
| EP/HPE | 0 | 23 | – | 1250 ± 10 | – | [63] |
| 33 | 27.5 | – | 491.8 | – | [63] | |
| 66 | 29.3 | – | 391 ± 5 | – | [63] | |
| 100 | 32 | – | 285 ± 5 | – | [63] | |
| EP/hb-FRs | 0 | 18.7 | HB | – | – | [64] |
| EP/hb-polyphosphoramide | 10 | 23.3 | HB | – | – | [64] |
| EP/hb-polyphosphordiamidate | 10 | 22.6 | HB | – | – | [64] |
| EP/hb-polyphosphoramidate | 10 | 22.5 | HB75 | – | – | [64] |
| EP/hb-polyphosphate | 10 | 22.1 | HB | – | – | [64] |
| EP/ITA-HBP | 0 | 26.4 | NR | 678.7 | 157.9 | [66] |
| 3.8 | 36.4 | V-0 | 618.6 | 135.7 | [66] | |
| 7.35 | 37.4 | V-0 | 564.5 | 135.3 | [66] | |
| 10.64 | 41.6 | V-0 | 534 | 125.9 | [66] | |
| 13.7 | 42 | V-0 | 468 | 110.2 | [66] | |
| EP/PFR | 0 | 26.4 | NR | 275.5 | 56.8 | [67] |
| 7.36 | 34.3 | V-1 | 231.7 | 64.8 | [67] | |
| 14.8 | 40 | V-0 | 164.4 | 57.4 | [67] | |
| 22.28 | 42.2 | V-0 | 150.8 | 46.4 | [67] | |
| EP/Al (MEP) | 0 | 20.2 | NR | – | – | [70] |
| 15 | 32.2 | V-0 | – | – | [70] | |
| 20 | 36.4 | V-0 | – | – | [70] | |
| EP/Al (DEP) | 15 | 29.8 | V-0 | – | – | [70] |
| 20 | 35.5 | V-0 | – | – | [70] | |
| EP/BPHPPO | 0 | 22.5 | – | – | – | [71] |
| 7.79(P) | 34 | – | – | – | [71] | |
| EP | 0 | 25 | HB | 1719 | 74.2 | [81] |
| EP/DOPP | 19.6 | 37.9 | V-1 | 1191 | 44.8 | [81] |
| EP/DOPI | 23.1 | 34.2 | V-0 | 869 | 41.5 | [81] |
| EP-CF | 0 | 33.2 | HB | 347 | 26.2 | [81] |
| EP-CF/DOPP | 5.9 | 45.3 | V-0 | 248 | 19.9 | [81] |
| EP-CF/DOPI | 6.9 | 47.7 | V-0 | 247 | 20 | [81] |
| EP/ABD | 0 | 24.7 | NR | 1420 | 143.6 | [51] |
| 2 | 32.2 | V-1 | – | – | [51] | |
| 3 | 36.2 | V-0 | 1043 | 101.5 | [51] | |
| 4 | 39.1 | V-0 | 933 | 94.3 | [51] | |
| EP/BDM | 0 | 32.5 | V-1 | 825 | 71 | [82] |
| 5 | 34 | V-0 | 812 | 68 | [82] | |
| 10 | 34.6 | V-0 | 755 | 65 | [82] | |
| 20 | 35 | V-0 | 683 | 60 | [82] | |
| 30 | 35.5 | V-0 | 615 | 58 | [82] | |
| EP/ATZ | 0 | 25.7 | NR | 654.3 | 100.3 | [83] |
| 3 | 31.2 | V-1 | – | – | [83] | |
| 6 | 33.7 | V-0 | 482.5 | 83.9 | [83] | |
| 9 | 35.9 | V-0 | – | - | [83] | |
| EP/DHBAP | 0 | 25.8 | NR | 1063.1 | 76.1 | [84] |
| 5 | 32.4 | V-1 | – | – | [84] | |
| 8 | 34 | V-0 | 783.3 | 59.9 | [84] | |
| EP/DHBAP | 10 | 34.3 | V-0 | – | – | [84] |
| EP/DOPO-POSS | 0 | 25 | NR | 855 | 112 | [92] |
| 1.5 | 29 | V-1 | – | – | [92] | |
| 2.5 | 30.2 | V-1 | 969 | 103 | [92] | |
| 3.5 | 29.1 | V-1 | – | – | [92] | |
| 5 | 28.5 | NR | 588 | 92 | [92] | |
| 10 | 23 | NR | 483 | 85 | [92] | |
| EP/ZrPP/POSS | 0/0 | 23 | NR | 675 | – | [93] |
| 0/5 | 27.6 | V-2 | 426 | – | [93] | |
| 1/4 | 30.3 | V-1 | 438 | – | [93] | |
| 3/2 | 29.7 | V-1 | 461 | – | [93] | |
| 5/0 | 28.4 | V-2 | 469 | – | [93] | |
| EP/PTA/EFP | 0/0 | 20.7 | NR | – | – | [87] |
| 10/0 | 23.5 | NR | – | – | [87] | |
| 0/10 | 24.8 | NR | – | – | [87] | |
| 5/5 | 30.2 | V-1 | – | – | [87] | |
| EP/SPDS/SPDM | 0/0 | 20.2 | – | 1650 | 213 | [94] |
| 5.5/0 | 28.9 | – | 1378 | 203 | [94] | |
| 0/5.5 | 25.1 | – | – | – | [94] | |
| 5.2/5.2 | 30.8 | – | 1122 | 207 | [94] | |
| EP/CP-6B | 0 | 22.8 | NR | 1026 | 83 | [99] |
| 1 | 29.6 | V-1 | 709 | 78 | [99] | |
| 3 | 30.8 | V-0 | 599 | 74 | [99] | |
| 5 | 31.4 | V-0 | 446 | 58 | [99] | |
| 7 | 32.3 | V-0 | 359 | 54 | [99] | |
| 10 | 28.6 | V-0 | 471 | 60 | [99] | |
| CL-CTPN-EP/Dicyandiamide | – | 32.4 | V-0 | – | – | [100] |
| CL-CTPN-EP/DDM | – | 31.6 | V-0 | – | – | [100] |
| CL-CTPN-EP/novolak | – | 30.2 | V-0 | – | – | [100] |
| EP/BPS-BPP | 0 | 21.5 | NR | 1000 | 89 | [103] |
| 3 | 27.5 | NR | – | – | [103] | |
| 6 | 28.7 | V-1 | – | – | [103] | |
| 9 | 29.7 | V-1 | 537 | 76 | [103] | |
| 12 | 28.3 | V-1 | – | – | [103] | |
| EP/CTP-DOPO | 0 | 21.7 | NR | 619.8 | 77.6 | [104] |
| 9.7 | 34.3 | V-1 | – | – | [104] | |
| 10.6 | 36.6 | V-0 | 282.6 | 51.7 | [104] | |
| 11.7 | 38.5 | V-0 | – | – | [104] | |
| 12.6 | 39.8 | V-0 | – | – | [104] | |
| EP/HPCTP/OGPOSS | 0/0 | – | NR | 1321 | 157 | [105] |
| 15/0 | – | V-0 | 1026 | 145 | [105] | |
| 10/5 | – | V-0 | 707 | 123 | [105] | |
| 7.5/7.5 | – | V-0 | 581 | 110 | [105] | |
| 5/10 | – | V-0 | 560 | 105 | [105] | |
| 0/15 | – | NR | 513 | 82 | [105] |
“NR” means no rating, “–” means no test data.