Table 5.
Synthesis and characterization of metallic NPs from various flower varieties.
| Family | Flower Variety | Types of Nanoparticles Synthesized | Methods Used for NPs Characterization | Size | Morphology | Ref | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UV–vis | TEM | SEM | FT-IR | XRD | EDX | DLS | Zeta Potential | HRTEM | AFM | GC-MS | ||||||
| Fabaceae | Lablab purpureus | Silver | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5–50 nm | Spherical | [90] |
| Sapotaceae | Mimusopselengi | Copper | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 42–90 nm | Rod and spherical | [106] |
| Fabaceae | Piliostigma thonningii | Iron | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20–100µm | Rod and spherical | [87] |
| Oleaceae | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis | Zinc | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | 12–32 nm | Aggregate | [107] |
| Apocynaceae | Plumeria rubra | Silver | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20–80 nm | Spherical and irregular | [91] |
| Apocynaceae | Catharanthus roseus | Silver | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 6–25 nm | spherical | [79] |
| Fabaceae | Cassia angustifolia | Silver | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | 10–80 nm | Spherical | [92] |
| Apocynaceae | Plumeria alba Linn | Gold | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | √ | - | - | 20–30 and 80–150 nm | Spherical | [104] |
| Myrtaceae | Syzygium aromaticum | Zinc | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 30–40 nm | Triangular and hexagonal | [105] |
| Thymelaeaceae | Gnidia glauca | Gold | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | √ | - | √ | - | - | 50–150 nm | Spherical | [81] |
| Apocynaceae | Allamanda cathartica | Sliver | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 39 nm | Spherical | [93] |
| Malvaceae | Malva sylvestris | Silver | √ | √ | - | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | √ | - | 20–40 nm | Spherical | [76] |
| Fabaceae | Caesalpinia pulcherrima | Silver | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12 nm | Spherical | [94] |
| Asteraceae | Tussilago farfara | Silver and Gold | √ | √ | - | - | √ | - | - | √ | - | √ | - | 13.57 and 18.20 nm | Spherical | [80] |
| Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica | Gold | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | √ | - | - | 10–60 nm | Spherical | [82] |
| Asteraceae | Tagetes erecta | Silver | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10–90 nm | Spherical, hexagonal, and irregular | [95] |
| Sapotaceae | Madhuca longifolia | Silver | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | √ | - | - | - | 30–50 nm | Spherical and oval | [78] |
| Bignoniaceae | Jacaranda mimosifolia | Zinc | √ | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | √ | - | √ | 2–4 nm | Spherical | [83] |
| Malvaceae | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Silver | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5–40 nm | Spherical | [77] |
| Convolvulaceae | Ipomoea digitata Linn | Silver | √ | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | 111 nm | Spherical | [96] |
| Asteraceae | Tagetes sp. | Cadmium | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50 µm | Spherical | [84] |
| Apocynaceae | Calotropis gigantean | Titanium | - | - | √ | √ | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | 160–220 nm | Spherical | [85] |
| Lamiaceae | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Magnesium | √ | √ | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | - | - | 20 nm | Spherical | [86] |
| Asteraceae | Chrysanthemum indicum L. | Silver | √ | √ | - | - | √ | √ | - | - | - | - | 25–59 nm | Spherical | [97] | |
UV–vis–Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; TEM–Transmission electron microscopy; SEM–Scanning electron microscopy; FT-IR–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; XRD–X-ray powder diffraction; EDX–Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; DLS–Dynamic light scattering; HRTEM–High-resolution transmission electron microcopy; AFM–Atomic force microscopy; GC-MS–Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy.