Table 1.
Characteristics of the Segments
| Segments | ANOVA or Kruskal- Wallis/χ2 test |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Population value | ||
| Care Utilisation, mean (SD) | ||||||||||||
| Non-elective inpatient admissions | 0.01 (0.1)z | 0.17 (0.41)x | 1.27 (0.54)x | 3.27 (1.68)x | 0.02 (0.15)y | 0.34 (0.55)x | 0.35 (0.69)x | 0.02 (0.13) | 1.25 (1.29)x | 0 (0)z | 0.14 (0.52) | KW: < 0.000 |
| Elective inpatient admissions | 0 (0) | 1.22 (0.54)x | 0.03 (0.16)x | 0.36 (0.65)x | 0 (0) | 0.14 (0.36)y | 0.1 (0.37)y | 0 (0) | 0.14 (0.43)z | 0 (0.02) | 0.08 (0.34) | KW: < 0.000 |
| Outpatient first attendances | 0 (0)x | 0.87 (0.88)y | 0.39 (0.6)x | 1.79 (1.82)x | 1.23 (0.52)y | 1.89 (1.19)y | 1.26 (1.17)y | 0.17 (0.39)x | 0.92 (1.13)y | 0.09 (0.3)x | 0.34 (0.72) | KW: < 0.000 |
| Outpatient follow-up attendances | 0.14 (0.71)x | 2.02 (2.39)x | 1.17 (1.85)y | 4.22 (4.69)y | 1.17 (1.92)y | 3.66 (3.03)y | 20.53 (12.98)x | 0.79 (1.52)x | 2.26 (3.96)x | 0.26 (0.92)x | 0.91 (2.98) | KW: < 0.000 |
| GP practice visits | 0.11 (0.4)x | 1.34 (1.56)y | 1.3 (1.28)y | 4.94 (3.54)x | 0.93 (1.06)x | 4.6 (2.29)x | 1.55 (2.05)z | 0.71 (1.02)x | 7.55 (3.28)x | 0.81 (0.99)x | 0.74 (1.51) | KW: < 0.000 |
| Prescribing (Distinct Drug Count) | 1.78 (2.04)x | 8.11 (6.39)y | 6.65 (5.64)x | 15.9 (10.01)z | 4.31 (3.61)x | 15 (7.92)z | 8.28 (7.62)y | 12.35 (4.58)z | 20.64 (9.23)x | 2.61 (2.77)x | 4.75 (5.8) | KW: < 0.000 |
| A&E attendances, mean (SD) | 0 (0)x | 0.48 (0.81)x | 1.52 (1.02)y | 5.13 (3.15)x | 0.28 (0.49)x | 1.13 (1.22)x | 0.69 (1.12)x | 0.14 (0.39)x | 2.04 (1.93)y | 1.46 (0.84)x | 0.41 (0.95) | KW: < 0.000 |
| Patient characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 36.2 (21.5)x | 53.6 (20.5)x | 38.2 (27.9)x | 47.5 (27.3)x | 42.9 (23)y | 59.3 (21.4)y | 42.1 (20.3)y | 60.4 (18.5)y | 82.1 (11.1)x | 29.8 (20)x | 41.4 (23.7) | AN: < 0.000 |
| Quintile 1 & 2 Deprivation, % | 84.2 | 85.7 | 87.6 | 88.6 | 85.0 | 85.2 | 86.5 | 86.1 | 78.5z | 85.6 | 85.0 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Current smoker, % | 20.3 | 23.1 | 22.3 | 27.2 | 22.1 | 22.1 | 28.0 | 25.9z | 12.8x | 20.6 | 21.6 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Risk of emergency admission in next 12 months, mean (SD) | 0.07 (0.05)x | 0.27 (0.13)x | 0.23 (0.14)y | 0.45 (0.19) | 0.2 (0.1)y | 0.38 (0.15) | 0.36 (0.16)z | 0.24 (0.12)x | 0.5 (0.17)z | 0.12 (0.08)x | 0.15 (0.13) | AN: < 0.000 |
| Long Term Conditions (LTCs) | ||||||||||||
| Number of LTCs, mean (SD) | 0.58 (0.92)y | 2.55 (2.36)x | 2.08 (2.44)x | 5.27 (4.03)y | 1.22 (1.46)x | 3.75 (2.68)y | 2.31 (2.45)x | 2.89 (1.95)x | 6.46 (3.39)x | 0.64 (1)y | 1.32 (1.9) | KW: < 0.000 |
| Long Term Condition, prevalence in % | ||||||||||||
| ARMD | 0.2y | 1.6 | 0.9z | 1.9 | 0.7z | 2.8z | 2.2 | 1.9 | 9.0x | 0.2z | 0.7 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Arthritis | 0.2z | 1.2 | 1.2 | 2.6z | 0.8 | 5.0y | 1.2 | 2.4z | 5.7y | 0.3z | 0.9 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Asthma | 7.1y | 15.7 | 13.6 | 24.6z | 10.3z | 21.3z | 16.2 | 21.9z | 11.8 | 9.6z | 11.0 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Bipolar Disorder | 0.1z | 0.4 | 0.5 | 2.7z | 0.4 | 1.3z | 2.5z | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| CHF | 0.1z | 1.8z | 2.1 | 8.4x | 0.5z | 4.8x | 2.2 | 2.6z | 14.9x | 0.1z | 1.0 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| COPD | 0.7y | 7.1z | 6.3z | 20.6x | 2.0x | 12.9y | 6.5z | 12.2y | 30.7x | 0.5y | 3.6 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| CRF | 1.1y | 6.7z | 5.7z | 15.7y | 3.2y | 13.1y | 5.6 | 10.8x | 31.0x | 0.8y | 3.8 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Depression | 6.8x | 15.4 | 13.5 | 28.7y | 11.9y | 17.7 | 17.2 | 16.8 | 22.0 | 8.5x | 10.3 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Diabetes | 2.1y | 11.7y | 8.2x | 21.7 | 5.3x | 25.4 | 13.3y | 24.9 | 24.8 | 1.9y | 7.1 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Glaucoma | 0.5y | 3.4 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 4.5y | 2.0 | 3.2 | 9.5x | 0.3y | 1.3 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Hypertension | 9.5x | 33.4x | 22.8y | 39.2x | 17.8y | 46.6x | 21.0z | 49.5x | 68.1x | 7.2x | 18.9 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 1.8y | 7.4y | 4.9z | 11.1z | 4.1z | 11.7z | 5.2 | 11.5z | 17.5x | 1.6y | 4.2 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Ischaemic Heart Ds | 0.6y | 7.6z | 6.8z | 19.8y | 2.6y | 17.5y | 5.1 | 11.7x | 30.0x | 0.8y | 3.8 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Low Back Pain | 1.1y | 5.1 | 3.6 | 8.8y | 2.2z | 5.8z | 2.8 | 4.4 | 5.4 | 2.0z | 2.3 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Osteoporosis | 0.0z | 0.8z | 1.4y | 5.8y | 0.3 | 2.1x | 0.7 | 0.4 | 7.1y | 0.0 | 0.4 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Parkinson’s Ds. | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.1y | 0.2 | 0.5 | 5.0x | 0.0 | 0.2 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Schizophrenia | 0.4z | 0.8 | 1.6z | 4.6y | 0.9z | 2.3y | 10.7x | 1.3 | 4.5y | 0.3z | 0.9 | χ2: < 0.000 |
| Seizure Disorder | 0.8 | 2.1z | 4.0z | 10.4x | 1.2 | 3.4 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 4.7 | 1.3 | 1.6 | χ2: < 0.000 |
Significantly different from all 9 other segments; y: Significantly different from 8 other segments; z: Significantly different from 7 other segments; All at 0.05/9 = 0.0056 significance level (Bonferroni adjustment). All variables are significantly different across segments at a < 0.000 significance level using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis or Chi Square tests; ARMD – Age-Related Macular Degeneration; CHF – Congestive Heart Failure; COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CRF – Chronic Renal Failure