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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 28.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Struct Funct. 2019 Apr 29;224(5):1845–1869. doi: 10.1007/s00429-019-01870-4

Appendix 1:

Overview of all task-switching experiments included in the analysis

Publication No. of subjects Contrast Stimulus
modality		 Effector
modality		 Task order Preparedness CTI/ITI
(ms)
Badre and Wagner (2006) 10 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 250
Barber and Carter (2005) 13 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 7500
Braver et al. (2003) 13 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 2500
Chiu and Yantis (2009) 16 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 6250
Cole and Schneider (2007) 9 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Fixed Unprepared 1000
Crone et al. (2006)b 19 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1500
Crone et al. (2006)c 19 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1500
De Baene and Brass (2011) 19 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Mixed 2482
Dibbets et al. (2010) 14 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1000
DiGirolamo et al. (2001) 8 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Dove et al. (2000) 16 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Gazes et al. (2012) 47 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Gu et al. (2008)a 21 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1170
Halari et al. (2009) 21 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Hedden and Gabrieli (2010)d 17 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Hedden and Gabrieli (2010)e 17 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Hyafil et al. (2009) 24 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Jamadar et al. (2010a) 18 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 700
Jamadar et al. (2010b) 12 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 700
Kim et al. (2012) 16 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Kimberg et al. (2000)f 9 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Fixed Prepared 8000
Kimberg et al. (2000)g 9 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Fixed Prepared 8000
Liston et al. (2006)h 19 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Liston et al. (2006)i 19 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Liston et al. (2006)j 19 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Luks et al. (2002) 11 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 3750
Luks et al. (2002) 11 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 3750
Madden et al. (2010) 40 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1500
Nee et al. (2011) 27 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 4000
Philipp et al. (2013) 23 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 200
Piguet et al. (2013) 18 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 150
Rodehacke et al. (2014) 213 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Ravizza and Carter (2008) 14 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Ruge et al. (2005) 18 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Mixed 550
Ruge et al. (2005) 18 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 100
Savine and Braver (2010) 16 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 3050
Shi et al. (2010) 14 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1200
Smith et al. (2004) 20 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 200
Sohn et al. (2000) 12 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Sohn et al. (2000) 12 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Fixed Prepared 6000
Wager et al. (2005) 43 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Wilkinson et al. (2001) 12 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 0
Woodcock et al. (2010) 8 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 100
Wylie et al. (2006)a,k 14 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 3000
Wylie et al. (2006)a,l 14 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 3000
Witt and Stevens (2012) 134 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1200
Witt and Stevens (2013) 83 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 1200
Yeung et al. (2006) 15 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Unprepared 450
Yoshida et al. (2010)a,m 16 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 6000
Yoshida et al. (2010)a,n 16 Switch > repeat Vis vis Man man Random Prepared 6000

CTI cue–trial interval, ITI intertrial interval, vis visual, man manual

a

No significant switch costs were observed

b

univalent switches-repetitions

c

bivalent switch repetitions

d

incongruent shifting > neutral non-shifting

e

neural shifting > incongruent non-shifting

f

S–R at T0

g

S–R at T1

h

shift > repeat

i

high-response conflict switches > low-response conflict switches

j

high-stimulus conflict switches > low-stimulus conflict switches

k

color switch targets > color repeat targets

l

switch targets > speed repeat targets

m

rule switch > exploitation

n

meta-rule switch > exploitation