Table 3.
Common cancer vaccine adjuvants and their development stages
| Classification | Examples under investigation | Stage of development | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emulsions | Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant | Montanide ISA51 | Phase III |
| Montanide ISA720 | Phase I | ||
| Mineral salts | Aluminum salts | Aluminum hydroxide (Alhydrogel™) | FDA approved |
| Aluminum phosphate (Adjut-phos™) | FDA approved | ||
| Cytokines | IL-2 | Aldesleukin | FDA approved |
| GM-CSF | Sargramostim | FDA approved | |
| IFNs | Intron A | FDA approved | |
| Sylatron | FDA approved | ||
| Saponin-based adjuvants | QS-21 | Phase III | |
| ISCOMATRIX | Phase II | ||
| TLR agonists | TLR2 agonist | Pam3CSK4 | Preclinical |
| TLR3 agonist | Poly-ICLC | Phase II | |
| TLR4 agonist | MPLA | Phase II | |
| TLR7/8 agonist | Imiquimod | FDA approved | |
| Resiquimod | Phase II | ||
| TLR9 agonist | CpG-ODN | Phase II | |
| DC-targeted monoclonal antibodies | Agonist anti-CD40 antibody | APX005M | Phase II |
| CFZ533 | Phase II | ||
| CP-870893 | Phase I | ||
| ADC-1013 | Phase I | ||
| Selicrelumab | Phase I | ||
| Chi Lob 7/4 | Phase I | ||
| STING agonists | MIW815 | Phase I | |
CpG-ODN: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; DC: dendritic cell; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN: interferon; IL-2: interleukin-2; MPLA: monophosphoryl lipid A; Poly-ICLC: polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose; STING: stimulator of interferon genes; TLR: Toll-like receptor.