Table 1.
Demographics and comorbidities of patients by survival or non-survival during hospitalisation
| Survivors (n=85 334) | Non-survivors (n=10 698) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 53·1 (17·5) | 60·0 (17·6) | <0·0001 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27·0 (5·1) | 31·8 (6·4) | <0·0001 | |
| Obese, BMI >30 kg/m2 | 22 992 (26·9%) | 6518 (60·9%) | <0·0001 | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 40 169 (47·1%) | 4257 (39·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Male | 45 165 (52·9%) | 6441 (60·2%) | <0·0001 | |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||
| White | 57 503 (67·4%) | 6717 (62·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Black | 7219 (8·5%) | 1835 (17·2%) | <0·0001 | |
| Hispanic | 4948 (5·8%) | 1030 (9·6%) | <0·0001 | |
| Asian | 12 657 (14·8%) | 862 (8·1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Native American | 1023 (1·2%) | 56 (0·5%) | <0·0001 | |
| Other | 1984 (2·3%) | 198 (1·9%) | 0·0019 | |
| Comorbidities at baseline | ||||
| Coronary artery disease | 9777 (11·5%) | 2360 (22·1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1828 (2·1%) | 540 (5·0%) | <0·0001 | |
| Arrhythmia | 2700 (3·2%) | 681 (6·4%) | <0·0001 | |
| Diabetes | 10 963 (12·8%) | 2297 (21·5%) | <0·0001 | |
| Hypertension | 21 948 (25·7%) | 3862 (36·1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 26 480 (31·0%) | 3718 (34·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| COPD | 2603 (3·1%) | 574 (5·4%) | <0·0001 | |
| Current smoker | 7972 (9·3%) | 1516 (14·2%) | <0·0001 | |
| Former smoker | 14 681 (17·2%) | 1872 (17·5%) | 0·45 | |
| Immunocompromised | 2406 (2·8%) | 462 (4·3%) | <0·0001 | |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 7521 (8·8%) | 428 (4·0%) | <0·0001 | |
| Statin | 8506 (10·0%) | 739 (6·9%) | <0·0001 | |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 5190 (6·1%) | 659 (6·2%) | 0·75 | |
| Antiviral | 35 189 (41·2%) | 3738 (34·9%) | <0·0001 | |
| Disease severity | ||||
| qSOFA <1 | 71 457 (83·7%) | 7911 (73·9%) | <0·0001 | |
| SPO2 <94% | 7188 (8·4%) | 2129 (19·9%) | <0·0001 | |
| Treatment group | ||||
| Chloroquine alone | 1561 (1·8%) | 307 (2·9%) | <0·0001 | |
| Chloroquine with macrolide* | 2944 (3·4%) | 839 (7·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine alone | 2473 (2·9%) | 543 (5·1%) | <0·0001 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine with macrolide* | 4742 (5·6%) | 1479 (13·8%) | <0·0001 | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| De-novo ventricular arrhythmia | 839 (1·0%) | 400 (3·7%) | <0·0001 | |
| Non-ICU length of stay, days | 9·0 (6·2) | 9·8 (7·4) | <0·0001 | |
| ICU length of stay, days | 2·1 (3·7) | 9·4 (10·6) | <0·0001 | |
| Total length of stay, days | 11·1 (7·3) | 19·2 (14·4) | <0·0001 | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 4821 (5·6%) | 4533 (42·4%) | <0·0001 | |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%). BMI=body-mass index. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ACE=angiotensin-converting enzyme. qSOFA=quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment. SPO2=oxygen saturation. ICU=intensive care unit.
*
Macrolides include only azithromycin or clarithromycin.