Table 2.
Patient demographics and characteristics by treatment group
| Control group (n=81 144) | Chloroquine (n=1868) | Chloroquine with macrolide*(n=3783) | Hydroxychloroquine (n=3016) | Hydroxychloroquine with macrolide*(n=6221) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 53·6 (17·6) | 55·1 (18·0) | 54·9 (17·7) | 55·1 (17·9) | 55·2 (17·7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27·4 (5·4) | 27·8 (6·1) | 28·2 (5·8) | 28·4 (5.9) | 28·5 (5·9) | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 37 716 (46·5%) | 845 (45·2%) | 1718 (45·4%) | 1388 (46·0%) | 2759 (44·3%) | |
| Male | 43 428 (53·5%) | 1023 (54·8%) | 2065 (54·6%) | 1628 (54·0%) | 3462 (55·7%) | |
| Race or ethnicity | ||||||
| White | 54 403 (67·1%) | 1201 (64·3%) | 2418 (63·9%) | 2074 (68·8%) | 4124 (66·3%) | |
| Black | 7519 (9·3%) | 203 (10·9%) | 369 (9·8%) | 287 (9·5%) | 676 (10·9%) | |
| Hispanic | 4943 (6·1%) | 108 (5·8%) | 273 (7·2%) | 194 (6·4%) | 460 (7·4%) | |
| Asian | 11 504 (14·2%) | 301 (16·1%) | 603 (15·9%) | 366 (12·1%) | 745 (12·0%) | |
| Native American | 922 (1·1%) | 19 (1·0%) | 37 (1·0%) | 33 (1·1%) | 68 (1·1%) | |
| Other | 1853 (2·3%) | 36 (1·9%) | 83 (2·2%) | 62 (2·1%) | 148 (2·4%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 10 076 (12·4%) | 284 (15·2%) | 515 (13·6%) | 421 (14·0%) | 841 (13·5%) | |
| Congestive heart failure | 1949 (2·4%) | 50 (2·7%) | 103 (2·7%) | 78 (2·6%) | 188 (3·0%) | |
| Arrhythmia | 2861 (3·5%) | 63 (3·4%) | 126 (3·3%) | 108 (3·6%) | 223 (3·6%) | |
| Diabetes | 11 058 (13·6%) | 258 (13·8%) | 584 (15·4%) | 447 (14·8%) | 913 (14·7%) | |
| Hypertension | 21 437 (26·4%) | 560 (30·0%) | 1095 (28·9%) | 891 (29·5%) | 1827 (29·4%) | |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 25 538 (31·5%) | 607 (32·5%) | 1164 (30·8%) | 941 (31·2%) | 1948 (31·3%) | |
| COPD | 2647 (3·3%) | 55 (2·9%) | 144 (3·8%) | 111 (3·7%) | 220 (3·5%) | |
| Current smoker | 7884 (9·7%) | 190 (10·2%) | 428 (11·3%) | 342 (11·3%) | 644 (10·4%) | |
| Former smoker | 14 049 (17·3%) | 321 (17·2%) | 648 (17·1%) | 509 (16·9%) | 1026 (16·5%) | |
| Immunocompromised | 2416 (3·0%) | 53 (2·8%) | 122 (3·2%) | 90 (3·0%) | 187 (3·0%) | |
| Baseline disease severity | ||||||
| qSOFA <1 | 67 316 (83·0%) | 1530 (81·9%) | 3051 (80·7%) | 2477 (82·1%) | 4994 (80·3%) | |
| SPO2 <94% | 7721 (9·5%) | 209 (11·2%) | 413 (10·9%) | 323 (10·7%) | 651 (10·5%) | |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| De-novo ventricular arrhythmia | 226 (0·3%) | 81 (4·3%) | 246 (6·5%) | 184 (6·1%) | 502 (8·1%) | |
| Non-ICU length of stay, days | 9·1 (6·4) | 8·8 (6·2) | 9·0 (6·6) | 8·9 (6·2) | 9·1 (6·7) | |
| ICU length of stay, days | 2·6 (5·0) | 4·3 (6·8) | 4·9 (8·1) | 4·3 (6·8) | 4·7 (7·8) | |
| Total length of stay, days | 11·7 (8·4) | 13·2 (9·1) | 13·8 (11·0) | 13·2 (9·3) | 13·8 (10·7) | |
| Mechanical ventilation | 6278 (7·7%) | 403 (21·6%) | 814 (21·5%) | 616 (20·4%) | 1243 (20·0%) | |
| Mortality | 7530 (9·3%) | 307 (16·4%) | 839 (22·2%) | 543 (18·0%) | 1479 (23·8%) | |
| Ventilator or mortality | 10 703 (13·2%) | 531 (28·4%) | 1288 (34·0%) | 877 (29·1%) | 2120 (34·1%) | |
Data are mean (SD) or n (%). BMI=body-mass index. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. qSOFA=quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment. SPO2=oxygen saturation. ICU=intensive care unit.
*
Macrolides include only clarithromycin and azithromycin.