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Example of transporters studied by HDX‐MS. The left panel shows alternating‐access models used by various transporters. The middle panel illustrates the IF and OF states with selected high‐resolution structures. The right panel summarizes the conditions tested by HDX‐MS to understand the role of specific parameters in the molecular mechanism of transport. HDX‐MS, hydrogen–deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry; IF, inward facing; OF, outward facing
