Table 3.

Univariable analysis results for significant associations (P < .05) between clinical variables and diagnosis in 64 equids with facial nerve paralysis

Diagnosis (n)	Clinical variable	OR	95% CI	P value
EPM (10)	Presence of additional neurological signs
	Yes	6.81	1.12‐41.26	.04
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of ataxia
	Yes	10.45	2.25‐48.66	.003
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of a head tilt
	Yes	6.33	1.55‐25.96	.01
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	MMS of ataxia
	0	Ref.	‐	‐
	4	35	1.34‐911.28	.03
	Negative for EPM intrathecal antibody production using a serum: CSF ratio
	Yes	.02	0.0‐0.23	.002
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Treatment with targeted neurological drugs
	Yes	89	4.82‐1642.99	.003
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Full resolution of FNP
	Yes	5.3	1.17‐24.0	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
Neuroborreliosis (5)	Presence of ataxia
	Yes	29	1.52‐554.07	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Negative neuroborreliosis diagnosis on CSF and serum
	Yes	0.02	0.0‐0.47	.02
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Euthanized
	Yes	14.14	1.98‐100.83	.01
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
Idiopathic FNP (12)	Presenting with a corneal ulcer
	Yes	7.44	1.27‐43.47	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presenting complaint
	FNP	Ref.	‐	‐
	Trauma	0.04	0.0‐0.84	.04
	Negative for EPM intrathecal antibody production using a serum: CSF ratio
	Yes	21	1.01‐438.23	.05
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	FNP partially improved
	Yes	5.21	1.01‐26.76	.05
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
CNS disease (16)	Presenting complaint
	FNP	Ref.	‐	‐
	Other neurological problem	13.36	2.49‐71.66	.002
	History of trauma
	Yes	0.05	0.0‐0.97	.05
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of ear droop
	Yes	0.2	0.06‐0.68	.01
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of additional neurological signs
	Yes	14.37	2.45‐84.29	.003
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of ataxia
	Yes	32.09	6.8‐151.39	<.005
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	MMS of ataxia
	0	Ref.	‐	‐
	2	7.86	1.17‐52.95	.03
	3	15	1.51‐148.59	.02
	4	35	1.34‐911.28	.03
	Negative for EPM intrathecal antibody production using a serum: CSF ratio
	Yes	0.12	0.02‐0.89	.04
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Final diagnosis of trauma
	Yes	0.04	0.0‐0.74	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Treatment with targeted neurological drugs
	Yes	21.34	5.21‐87.38	<.005
	No	Ref.	‐
	Euthanized
	Yes	4.37	1.27‐15	.02
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
Trauma (20)	Presenting complaint
	FNP	Ref.	‐	‐
	Trauma	119.22	11.20‐1269.35	<.005
	Generalized weakness/malaise	10.09	1.26‐80.66	.03
	Leucocytosis
	Yes	6.41	1.3‐31.45	.02
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Neutrophilia
	Yes	6.03	1.4‐25.9	.02
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	High creatinine kinase
	Yes	11.07	1.38‐88.92	.02
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	History of trauma
	Yes	47.91	9.63‐238.28	<.005
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of muzzle deviation
	Yes	0.3	0.1‐0.91	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of additional neurological signs
	Yes	0.32	0.11‐0.95	.04
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of ataxia
	Yes	0.92	0.02‐0.54	.008
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Final diagnosis of CNS disease
	Yes	0.04	0.0‐0.74	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
THO (10)	Breed
	TB	Ref.	‐	‐
	Quarter Horse	8.14	1.47‐45.23	.02
	Pony	40.71	1.61‐1032.27	.03
	Presence of ear droop
	Yes	6.81	1.12‐41.26	.04
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Unable to blink on affected side
	Yes	7.08	1.17‐42.95	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	3 or more signs of FNP present
	Yes	7.33	1.21‐44.4	.03
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Presence of ocular pathology
	Yes	17.69	2.86‐109.56	.002
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	No abnormalities detected on diagnostic imaging of the skull
	Yes	0.04	0.0‐0.82	.04
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Normal UAE
	Yes	0.01	0.0‐0.24	.004
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Treatment with antibiotics
	Yes	4.56	1.01‐20.59	.05
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Performance of surgery
	Yes	4.38	1.05‐18.28	.04
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Performance of unilateral or bilateral temporary or permanent partial tarsorrhaphy
	Yes	7.9	1.94‐32.26	.004
	No	Ref.	‐	‐
	Treatment with ophthalmological drugs
	Yes	4.23	1.06‐16.92	.04
	No	Ref.	‐	‐

Note: The data should be interpreted thus, for example, a horse with FNP and additional neurological signs was 6.81 times more likely to have diagnosis of EPM than those without additional neurological signs (OR, 6.81; 95% CI, 1.12‐41.26; P = .04).

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; EPM, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis; FNP; facial nerve paralysis; OR, odds ratio; Ref., Reference; TB, thoroughbred; UAE, upper airway examination.