Table 3.
Characteristics of HIV-infected individuals with COVID-19 according to disease severity
| Mild or moderate COVID-19 (n=38) | Severe COVID-19 (n=13) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 55·4 (46·4–59·8) | 55·5 (51·4–57·5) | 0·762 | |
| Gender | .. | .. | 0·662 | |
| Male | 31 (82%) | 12 (92%) | .. | |
| Female | 7 (18%) | 1 (8%) | .. | |
| Current or past smoker | 22 (58%) | 12 (92%) | 0·038 | |
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 25·5 (21·9–28) | 24·3 (22·7–27·8) | 0·931 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Any | 23 (61%) | 9 (69%) | 0·740 | |
| Hypertension | 13 (34%) | 5 (38%) | 0·782 | |
| Diabetes | 6 (16%) | 1 (8%) | 0·662 | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 12 (32%) | 2 (15%) | 0·472 | |
| Time since HIV infection diagnosis, years | 20·1 (8·1–27·9) | 20·5 (10·4–28·7) | 0·795 | |
| Nadir CD4 counts, cells per μL | 232 (100–470) | 190 (109·5–281) | 0·300 | |
| Recent CD4 counts, cells per μL | 668 (313–821) | 422 (287·5–666) | 0·115 | |
| Recent CD4/CD8 ratio | 0·69 (0·48–0·98) | 0·8 (0·5–1·0) | 0·666 | |
| Antiretroviral therapy regimen before COVID-19 | ||||
| Protease inhibitor | 9 (24%) | 2 (15%) | 0·706 | |
| NNRTI | 7 (18%) | 1 (8%) | 0·662 | |
| INSTI | 31 (82%) | 10 (77%) | 0·701 | |
| Tenofovir (TAF or TDF) | 28 (74%) | 9 (69%) | 0·734 | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| Time from illness onset to hospital consultation, days | 6 (2–9) | 7 (2–8) | 0·373 | |
| Fever (temperature ≥37·3°C) | 25 (66%) | 11 (85%) | 0·297 | |
| Sore throat | 8 (21%) | 2 (15%) | 0·657 | |
| Cough | 28 (74%) | 9 (69%) | 0·734 | |
| Dyspnoea | 18 (47%) | 10 (77%) | 0·106 | |
| Anosmia or ageusia | 7 (18%) | 0 | 0·169 | |
| Myalgia | 13 (34%) | 4 (31%) | 0·820 | |
| Headache | 12 (32%) | 1 (8%) | 0·142 | |
| Fatigue | 18 (47%) | 9 (69%) | 0·211 | |
| Diarrhoea | 7 (18%) | 4 (31%) | 0·439 | |
| Nausea or vomiting | 4 (11%) | 1 (8%) | 0·767 | |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| PaO2/FiO2 | 473·7 (462–479·3) | 371·6 (238–448) | <0·0001 | |
| White blood cell count, × 109 per L | 6·5 (4·3–8·4) | 8·1 (4·8–8·5) | 0·555 | |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109 per L | 1·4 (0·9–1·8) | 0·89 (0·7–1·27) | 0·049 | |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 15·1 (12·8–15·8) | 15 (12·9–16) | 0·987 | |
| Platelet count, × 109 per L | 178·5 (125·5–227) | 183 (148–234) | 0·674 | |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 23 (20·5–37·5) | 31 (16–51·5) | 0·319 | |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0·93 (0·8–1·0) | 0·94 (0·8–1·2) | 0·775 | |
| eGFR, mL/min | 88·2 (60·7–96·6) | 91·3 (66·1–100·2) | 0·749 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 233 (196·7–313·5) | 354 (301–476) | 0·003 | |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 835 (436–2116) | 530 (310–1354) | 0·640 | |
| Serum ferritin, ng/mL (n=7) | 696·8 (380–986) | 2791 (271–4850) | 0·629 | |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0·05 (0·02–0·11) | 0·09 (0·07–0·18) | 0·109 | |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 12·5 (2·4–105·7) | 94·4 (30·9–143) | 0·158 | |
| Interleukin-6, pg/mL (n=10) | 57·7 (10·2–67·4) | 104·7 (35·7–222) | 0·183 | |
| Interleukin-12, pg/mL (n=10) | 0·5 (0·0–1·0) | 0·9 (0·0–1·9) | 0·667 | |
| Radiological features | ||||
| Consolidation | 9 (24%) | 8 (62%) | 0·019 | |
| Interstitial | 6 (16%) | 5 (38%) | 0·121 | |
| Bilateral pulmonary infiltration | 11 (29%) | 10 (77%) | 0·086 | |
| COVID-19 treatment | ||||
| Any | 26 (68%) | 13 (100%) | 0·023 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 19 (50%) | 11 (85%) | 0·048 | |
| Azithromycin | 11 (29%) | 8 (62%) | 0·050 | |
| Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir | 6 (16%) | 8 (62%) | 0·0030 | |
| Boosted darunavir | 7 (18%) | 0 | 0·169 | |
| Tocilizumab | 1 (3%) | 3 (23%) | 0·046 | |
| Remdesivir | 0 | 1 (8%) | 0·255 | |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 5 (13%) | 10 (77%) | <0·0001 | |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Respiratory failure | 4 (11%) | 13 (100%) | <0·0001 | |
| Sepsis | 2 (5%) | 9 (69%) | <0·0001 | |
| Critical disease or intensive care unit admission | 0 | 6 (46%) | 0·0028 | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 0 | 5 (38%) | 0·0032 | |
| Death | 0 | 2 (15%) | 0·061 | |
| Recovered | 35 (92%) | 9 (69%) | 0·060 | |
| Duration of hospital stay, days | 8 (6–17) | 8 (6–19) | 0·766 | |
Data are median (IQR) or n (%). eGFR=estimated glomerular filtration rate. INSTI=integrase strand transfer inhibitor. NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. PaO2:FiO2=ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional concentration of inspired oxygen in inspired air. TAF=tenofovir alafenamide. TDF=tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.