FIG. 1.

Vascular-liver PIC: (a) photo of the PIC, showing the glass–silicon chip, connectors, tubing, and media reservoirs and (b) cross-section schematic of the cell co-culture chamber. (c) Schematic of the bidirectional perfusion culture testing setup. Pressurized CO₂ gas is connected to two bidirectional switches ports that control the flow direction. The computer-controlled flow controller changes flow direction every 4 h to ensure adequate time for mass transfer and biotransformation of metabolites.