FIG. 5.

LC-MS analysis of nutraceutical metabolic profiles. Perfusion co-culture produced higher levels of quercetin metabolites. IL-1β was used to activate cellular inflammation, which induced the production of IL-8. LC-MS quantification of quercetin metabolite production for (a) static cultured cells and perfusion cultured cells. (b) In the IL-8 quantification results acquired with LC-MS, perfusion culture showed more significant suppression of immune response compared with static culture. All functional data were normalized to the DNA content in samples. Data are presented as means ± SEM of three biological replicates.