Table 2.
Characteristics of cases and controls
| Cases n = 393 | Controls n = 1494 | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 78.7 (10.6) | 78.7 (10.1) | .76 |
| <75, n (%) | 123 (31.3) | 455 (30.5) | |
| ≥75, n (%) | 270 (68.7) | 1039 (69.5) | |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 243 (61.8) | 932 (62.4) | .84 |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ), mean (SD) | 27.3 (6.2) | 27.5 (5.5) | .48 |
| BMI missing (%) | 19 (4.8) | 51 (3.4) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | .83 | ||
| No | 140 (35.6) | 552 (37.0) | |
| Yes | 32 (8.1) | 127 (8.5) | |
| Former | 221 (56.2) | 813 (49.2) | |
| Type of DOAC | |||
| Dabigatran | 79 (20.1) | 279 (18.7) | |
| Apixaban | 53 (13.5) | 366 (24.5) | |
| Rivaroxaban | 261 (66.4) | 849 (56.8) | |
| Indications | .003 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 289 (73.5) | 1213 (81.2) | |
| DVT/PE | 62 (15.8) | 153 (10.2) | |
| Other | 56 (14.2) | 185 (12.4) | |
| Comorbidities * | |||
| Congestive heart failure | 85 (21.6) | 238 (15.9) | .008 |
| Diabetes | 73 (18.6) | 290 (19.4) | .71 |
| Hypertension | 256 (65.1) | 1012 (67.7) | .33 |
| COPD | 73 (18.6) | 165 (11) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 27 (6.9) | 81 (5.4) | .27 |
| Upper GI disease | 35 (8.9) | 103 (6.9) | .17 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 28 (7.1) | 75 (5.0) | .10 |
| Chronic kidney disease (missing) | 14 (3.5) | 46 (3.1) | ‐ |
| Chronic liver disease | <5d | <5 | ‐ |
| History of acute coronary disease | 109 (27.7) | 336 (22.5) | .03 |
| History of bleeding | 234 (59.5) | 610 (40.8) | <.001 |
| History of GI bleeding | 93 (23.7) | 212 (14.2) | <.001 |
| History of intracranial bleeding | 16 (4.1) | 38 (2.5) | .11 |
| Comedications ** | |||
| Beta‐adrenergic receptor blockers | 148 (37.7) | 607 (40.6) | .29 |
| ACEI | 139 (35.4) | 617 (41.3) | .03 |
| Diuretics | 127 (32.3) | 474 (31.7) | .82 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 55 (14.0) | 323 (21.6) | .001 |
| Other statins*** | 145 (36.9) | 648 (43.4) | .02 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 174 (44.3) | 611 (40.9) | .23 |
ACEI, angiotensin‐converting‐enzyme inhibitor; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; GI: gastrointestinal; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug; PE, pulmonary embolism; SD, standard deviation.
*
Comorbidities before the index date.
**
Comedications other than potentially interacting drugs.
***
Excluding the potentially interacting drugs simvastatin and atorvastatin.