. 2020 May 22;6(5):e04009. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04009

Table 7.

Granger causality tests.

Causality Test (H₀)	Statistics	P-value	Direction of Causality
lnTO does not Granger-cause lnGDP	0.18	0.6750	No causality
lnGDP does not Granger-cause lnTO	0.04	0.8426	No causality
lnGDP does not Granger-cause lnFDI	2.43^∗	0.1060	Unidirectional
lnFDI does not Granger-cause lnGDP	1.81	0.1815	Unidirectional
lnEXR does not Granger-cause lnGDP	4.95^∗∗	0.0141	Unidirectional
lnGDP does not Granger-cause lnEXR	0.01	0.9946	Unidirectional
lnED does not Granger-cause lnGDP	8.62^∗∗∗	0.0061	Unidirectional
lnGDP does not Granger-cause lnED	0.40	0.5302	Unidirectional

Note: ∗, ∗∗ and ∗∗∗ represent statiscal significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.