Table 2.

Barriers to the improvement of resilience.

2a. All Levels

1. Lack of staff time (15/18); 2. Lack of institutional mandate, buy-in, and acknowledgement (15/18); 3. High staff workload (9/18); 4. Lack of a resilience-improvement plan (6/18); 5. Increasing numbers of learners (5/18)

2b. Individual-level(15/56)

Perceptions & Behaviours(18/18) 6. Unwillingness to adapt, change, or be flexible (11/18); 7. Not interested in building resilience (9/18); 8. ‘Academic freedom’ (8/18); 9. Overwhelmed by the resilience-building task (7/18); 10. Distrustful of digital technology (7/18); 11. Inability to work with others (6/18); 12. Family/personal life prioritised over work responsibilities (6/18); 13. Limited pedagogical perspectives (5/18); 14. Research prioritised over teaching (4/18); 15. Resilience professional development sounds boring (4/18); 16. Lack of recognition and motivation for L&T changes (3/18); 17. Crisis-denial (3/18)

Competencies(14/18) 18. Poor staff digital literacy (12/18); 19. Lack of resourcefulness (10/18); 20. Lack of resilience capabilities (Section 3.1) (4/18)

2c. School-level(18/56)

Community & Culture(16/18) 21. Lack of shared L&T culture (9/18); 22. Individualism/lack of collaboration (9/18); 23. Personality conflicts (4/18); 24. Lack of a L&T innovation culture (3/18)

Management & Leadership(15/18) 25. Lack of school-level resilience planning (11/18); 26. Poor school leadership (7/18); 27. Disagreements on curriculum (4/18); 28. Resilience not prioritised (3/18); 29. Lack of L&T policy (3/18)

Logistics & Staffing(11/18) 30. Inter-dependency of staff (5/18); 31. Lack of L&T tools, equipment, lecture materials (5/18); 32. Uneven workload (4/18); 33. Inter-dependency of courses (3/18); 34. Lack of staff cover for teaching (3/18); 35. High staff turnover (3/18); 36. Over reliance on tutors and teaching assistants (3/18)

Discipline-specific(7/18) 37. Different disciplinary approaches to resilience (5/18); 38. Variation in L&T spaces, places, & times (4/18)

2d. Institutional-level(18/56)

Management & Leadership(16/18) 39. Poor institutional leadership (6/18); 40. Lack of longevity in resilience vision and efforts (6/18); 41. Resilience as a standalone initiative; not embedded (5/18); 42. Bureaucracy (3/18)

Infrastructure(14/18) 43. Limited digital systems, structures and processes (12/18); 44. Limited physical systems, structures and processes (9/18); 45. Face-to-face/campus-based culture (5/18)

Support & Resources(12/18) 46. Lack of rewards to encourage resilience initiatives (10/18); 47. Lack of staff expertise, resources and training (8/18); 48. Lack of funding and material resources (6/18)

Learners(11/18) 49. Lack of pastoral care model for learners (8/18); 50. Learners are not digitally literate (5/18); 51. Learners have diverse needs (4/18); 52. Learners are expected to be ready-to-learn, without support (4/18); 53. Learners need to be resilient, too (3/18)

Community(10/18) 54. Lack of cohesive and nurturing institutional community (10/18)

Communication(9/18) 55. Ineffective communication between senior leaders and community (7/18); 56. Ineffective communication between learners and staff (7/18)